Sensing the Past: From artifact to historical site

589 Pages·2017·27.86 MB·English

by  Nicola Masini

Geotechnologies and the Environment
Nicola Masini
Francesco Soldovieri E ditors
Sensing the
Past
From artifact to historical site
Geotechnologies and the Environment
Volume 16
Serieseditors
Jay D. Gatrell, Geography and Environmental Studies, Bellarmine University
Louisville,KY40205,USA
RyanR.Jensen,DepartmentofGeography,BrighamYoungUniversity,Provo,UT,
USA
The Geotechnologies and the Environment series is intended to provide
specialists in the geotechnologies and academics who utilize these technologies,
with anopportunity to share novel approaches, present interesting (sometimes
counter-intuitive) case studies, and, most importantly, to situate GIS, remote
sensing, GPS, the internet, new technologies, and methodological advances in a
real world context. In doing so, the books in the series will be inherently applied
and reflect the rich variety of research performed by geographers and allied
professionals.
Beyond the applied nature of many of the papers and individual contributions,
theseriesinterrogatesthedynamicrelationshipbetweennatureandsociety.Forthis
reason, many contributors focus on human-environment interactions. The series is
not limited to an interpretation of the environment as nature per se. Rather, the
series “places” people and social forces in context and thus explores the many
socio-spatial environments humans construct for themselves as they settle the
landscape. Consequently, contributions will use geotechnologies to examine both
urbanandrurallandscapes.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/8088
Nicola Masini • Francesco Soldovieri
Editors
Sensing the Past
From artifact to historical site
123
Editors
NicolaMasini FrancescoSoldovieri
CNR-IBAMInstituteofArchaeological InstituteforElectromagneticSensing
andMonumentalHeritage oftheEnvironment(CNR-IREA)
TitoScalo,PZ,Italy Napoli,Italy
ISSN2365-0575 ISSN2365-0583 (electronic)
GeotechnologiesandtheEnvironment
ISBN978-3-319-50516-9 ISBN978-3-319-50518-3 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-50518-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017936470
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Foreword
“Social and Cultural Innovation” is a syntagma that has become current usage
amongresearchersinrecentyearsinresponsetothenamechosenbytheEuropean
Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (RIs) for the working group whose
objective is the landmarks and projects that are primarily connected with the
social sciences and humanities.1 For itself, innovation means the creation of new
productsandservicesbybringingtothemarketanewidea.Althoughfundamental
researchiscuriositydriven,italsohasatranslationalimpact,becausethetransferof
knowledgemakesinnovationpossible,andinnovationisproductdriven,insofaras
itgeneratesnewproductsandproductionlines.Innovationistheaffairofresearch
councils all over the world, which are quite different from both universities and
academies. Research councils were founded about a century ago, at the time of
World War I, whereas universities date back to the Middle Ages and academies
to the Renaissance. These differ because universities are devoted to teaching and
professorsarefreetoteachandinvestigatewhatevertheylikeandacademieswere
fundedbykingswhowantedscholarstoliveatcourt,sothattheymightbeableto
posequestionsoftheirowninterestandreceiveanswers;incontrast,governments
fundedresearchcouncilstoachieveresultsofstrategicrelevanceforthecountry.
TheMilanDeclarationonCultureasanInstrumentofDialogueAmongPeoples,
unanimouslyadoptedbytheMinistersofCultureof80countriesattheinternational
conferenceof31Julyto4August2015thatwasorganizedbytheItalianMinistry
ofCulturalHeritageandActivitiesandTourismattheExpoinMilan,statesthat:
CulturalHeritageisthemirrorofhistory,civilizationandofthesociety,whichisexpectedto
protectit.CulturalHeritage,bothtangibleandintangible,isalsotheessenceofidentity,the
memoryofpeoplesandtheirpastandpresentcivilizations.Itexpresses,atthesametime,
universallyrecognizedvaluesoftolerance,dialogue,andmutualunderstanding:::thework
ofmanandhisextraordinarytalentmustbeprotectedandpreservedforthebenefitoffuture
generations.
Knowledgeconservation,protection,andusetriggerintegrationpolicies;theyalso
promotecultural,economic,andsocialgrowth.Wearetalkingaboutareassuchas
knowledgeandinsituprotectionofculturalcontextsandartifacts,postwararcheol-
ogy,virtualreality,andsustainablemuseography,2whoseimpactimplies(a)making
v
vi Foreword
culturalheritageinstrumentalforscienceandculturaldiplomacy;(b)protectingand
promoting cultural diversity; (c) documenting, conserving, monitoring, and using
culturaldiversity;andeventually(e)protectingitfromenvironmentalandanthropic
threats in the Middle East and in North Africa. In Brussels,the strategic approach
toculturaldiplomacypointstoculturaldiversityasanintegralpartofthevaluesof
the European Union. The 2016 Joint Communication to the European Parliament
and the Council: Towards an EU Strategy for International Cultural Relations of
the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy has
outlinedthefollowingfiveguidingprinciples:
1. Promoteculturaldiversityandrespectforhumanrights.
2. Fostermutualrespectandinterculturaldialogue.
3. Ensurerespectforcomplementarityandsubsidiarity.
4. Encourageacross-cuttingapproachtoculture.
5. Promoteculturethroughexistingframeworksforcooperation.
Thecurrentmigrantandrefugeecrisishasmadeitclearhowurgentithasbecome
for local, regional, national, and international administrations to work out policies
of social and cultural innovation to the advantage of new citizens that make them
welcomeinfulldignity.
Thegreatchallengeisthepassagefromdataofsciencetodataofhumanities.The
EuropeanUnionhasrecognizedtheneedandurgencytoprovideadvancedfacilities
for interdisciplinary, cutting-edge research in social and cultural innovations. The
maingoalistoaddresseveryaspectofscienceandtechnologyrelatedtothefield,
offering innovative solutions to the societal challenges of the new millennium. As
amatteroffact,socialandculturalinnovationresearchersalsoareconfrontedwith
hugeamountsofdataofincreasingcomplexityinhighlyinterdisciplinarysettings.
LetusonlythinkofenablingtechnologiessuchasNFC(near-fieldcommunication),
CRM (content rights management), contents-aware networks (fruition and enjoy-
ment),low-latencynetworks(warningandsecurity),andhuge-bandwidthnetworks
(augmentedreality).
The object of Sensing the Past is to provide readers and users with top-rate
solutions for data analysis in archeology and cultural heritage, in situ noninvasive
technologiesformonumentsandartifacts,andgenerallyICTinformationandcom-
munication technology) and sensing technologies for cultural heritage. Currently,
six research infrastructures for “Social and Cultural Innovation” are operational.
Amongthem,theE-RIHS(EuropeanResearchInfrastructureforHeritageScience)
createssynergyforamultidisciplinaryapproachtoheritageinterpretation,preserva-
tion,documentation,andmanagement.SensingthePastisasubstantialcontribution
towardtheimplementationofthegrandItalianprojectofestablishingtheEuropean
ResearchInfrastructureforHeritageScience.
Rome,Italy RiccardoPozzo
Foreword vii
Notes
1. http://www.esfri.eu/working-groups/social-and-cultural-innovation:“TheSocial
and Cultural Innovation SWG proposes possible solutions (related to RIs) that
are able to help tackle the Grand Challenges facing society, such as health or
demographicchange,orthe‘Inclusive,innovativeandsecuresocieties’challenge
from the third pillar of Horizon 2020, called ‘Tackling societal challenges.’ It
establishespossiblemethodsthroughwhichsocialsciencesandhumanitiescould
be used as an evaluation criterion for the activity of other RIs in the ESFRI
roadmap (e.g., social impact). It also explores how RIs can contribute to social
innovationorbetterknowledgetransfertowardsociety.”
2. For example, satellites and topographic techniques, drones and sensors for
heritage protection in wide areas, advanced diagnostic systems, nanomaterials
and nanotechnologies for conservation, 3D for the enhancement of cognitive
access in historical and archaeological contexts, methodologies and protocols
for3Drenderinginhazardouscontexts,monitoringartifacts–contextinteraction,
advancedexhibitionsystems,smartshowcases.
Contents
1 CulturalHeritageSitesandSustainableManagementStrategies .... 1
NicolaMasiniandFrancescoSoldovieri
PartI RemoteSensingandGeophysicsTechnologies:Data
AnalysisforApplicationsintheFieldofArchaeology
andCulturalHeritage
2 SensingthePastfromSpace:ApproachestoSiteDetection........... 23
NicolaMasiniandRosaLasaponara
3 PreservingthePastfromSpace:AnOverviewofRisk
EstimationandMonitoringTools......................................... 61
RosaLasaponaraandNicolaMasini
4 LiDAR for Archaeological Research and the Study
ofHistoricalLandscapes................................................... 89
AdrianS.Z.Chase,DianeZ.Chase,andArlenF.Chase
5 SARforLandscapeArchaeology ......................................... 101
DeodatoTapeteandFrancescaCigna
6 DInSARfortheMonitoringofCulturalHeritageSites................ 117
Manuela Bonano, Mariarosaria Manzo, Francesco Casu,
MicheleManunta,andRiccardoLanari
7 AWindowfortheHiddenPast:RevealingArchitectural
RemainsBasedonFieldSpectroscopyDataAnalysis.................. 135
AthosAgapiou
8 SeismicandSonicApplicationsonArtifactsandHistorical
Buildings..................................................................... 153
GiovanniLeucci
ix
x Contents
9 Ground-Penetrating Radar: Technologies and Data
ProcessingIssuesforApplicationsintheFieldofCultural
Heritage...................................................................... 175
RaffaelePersicoandMotoyukiSato
10 GeomagnetometryforArchaeology ...................................... 203
M.Fedi,F.Cella,G.Florio,M.LaManna,andV.Paoletti
PartII InSituNoninvasiveTechnologiesforInvestigating
MonumentsandArtifacts
11 Infrared Thermography: From Sensing Principle
toNondestructiveTestingConsiderations ............................... 233
JeanDumoulin
12 Investigating Surficial Alterations of Natural Stone
byUltrasonicSurfaceMeasurements .................................... 257
ThomasMeier,MichalAuras,MoritzFehr,DanielKöhn,
Luigia Cristiano, Robert Sobott, Ilaria Mosca,
Hans Ettl, Felix Eckel, Tim Steinkraus, Ercan Erkul,
Detlef Schulte-Kortnack, Karin Sigloch, Filiz Bilgili,
ElenaDiGioia,andClaudioParisiPresicce
13 Hyperspectral Sensors for the Characterization
ofCulturalHeritageSurfaces............................................. 289
Mara Camaiti, Marco Benvenuti, Pilario Costagliola,
FrancescoDiBenedetto,andSandroMoretti
14 TerahertzWavesandCulturalHeritage:State-of-the-Art
andPerspectives ............................................................ 313
IlariaCatapano,MarcelloPicollo,andKaoriFukunaga
15 FF-XRF, XRD, and PIXE for the Nondestructive
InvestigationofArchaeologicalPigments................................ 325
Francesco Paolo Romano, Lighea Pappalardo,
Giacomo Biondi, Claudia Caliri, Nicola Masini,
FrancescaRizzo,andHellenCristineSantos
PartIII InformationandCommunicationsTechnologyand
SensingTechnologiesforCulturalHeritage
16 WirelessCommunicationPlatformsforBuiltandNatural
HeritageMonitoring ....................................................... 339
MaríaInmaculadaMartínez-GarridoandRafaelFortGonzález