Sensing the Environment: Regulation of Local and Global Homeostasis by the Skin's Neuroendocrine System

128 Pages·2012·1.86 MB·English

by  Andrzej T. Slominski

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Z.Kmiec(cid:129)R.Putz(cid:129)J.-P.Timmermans
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Andrzej T. Slominski,
Michal A. Zmijewski,
Cezary Skobowiat, Blazej Zbytek,
Radomir M. Slominski,
Jeffery D. Steketee
Sensing the
Environment:
Regulation of Local
and Global
Homeostasis by the
Skin’s Neuroendocrine
System
With 23 figures
AndrzejT.Slominski BlazejZbytek
UniversityofTennessee UniversityofTennesseeHealth
HealthScienceCenter ScienceCenter
DepartmentofPathologyandLaboratory DepartmentofPathologyandLaboratory
Medicine,andDepartmentofMedicine Medicine
Memphis,TN,USA Memphis,TN,USA
[email protected]
RadomirM.Slominski
MichalA.Zmijewski UniversityofTennesseeHealth
MedicalUniversityofGdansk ScienceCenter
DepartmentofHistology Memphis,TN,USA
Gdansk,Poland
and
CezarySkobowiat JagiellonianUniversityMedicalCollege
UniversityofTennessee Krakow,Poland
HealthSciencesCenter
DepartmentofPathologyandLaboratory
JefferyD.Steketee
Medicine
Memphis,TN,USA UniversityofTennesseeHealth
ScienceCenter
DepartmentofPharmacology
Memphis,TN,USA
ISSN0301-5556
ISBN:978-3-642-19682-9 ISBN:978-3-642-19683-6(eBook)
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-19683-6
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012939853
#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012
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Abstract
Skin, the body’s largest organ, is strategically located at the interface with the
externalenvironmentwhereitdetects,integrates,andrespondstoadiverserange
ofstressorsincludingsolarradiation.Ithasalreadybeenestablishedthattheskin
is an important peripheral neuro-endocrine-immune organ that is tightly net-
worked to central regulatory systems. These capabilities contribute to the main-
tenance of peripheral homeostasis. Specifically, epidermal and dermal cells
produce and respond to classical stress neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and
hormones. Such production is stimulated by ultraviolet radiation (UVR),
biologicalfactors(infectiousandnoninfectious),andotherphysicalandchemical
agents. Examples of local biologically active products are cytokines, biogenic
amines (catecholamines, histamine, serotonin, and N-acetyl-serotonin), melato-
nin, acetylocholine, neuropeptides including pituitary (proopiomelanocortin-
derived ACTH, b-endorphin or MSH peptides, thyroid-stimulating hormone)
and hypothalamic (corticotropin-releasing factor and related urocortins,
thyroid-releasing hormone) hormones as well as enkephalins and dynorphins,
thyroid hormones, steroids (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex hormones,
7-d steroids), secosteroids, opioids, and endocannabinoids. The production of
thesemoleculesishierarchical,organizedalongthealgorithmsofclassicalneuro-
endocrine axes such as hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA), hypotha-
lamic–thyroid axis (HPT), serotoninergic, melatoninergic, catecholaminergic,
cholinergic,steroid/secosteroidogenic,opioid,andendocannbinoidsystems.Dys-
regulationoftheseaxesorofcommunicationbetweenthemmayleadtoskinand/
orsystemicdiseases.Theselocal neuroendocrinenetworksarealsoaddressedat
restrictingmaximallytheeffectofnoxiousenvironmentalagentstopreservelocal
andconsequentlyglobalhomeostasis.Moreover,theskin-derivedfactors/systems
can also activate cutaneous nerve endings to alert the brain on changes in the
epidermalordermalenvironments,oralternativelytoactivateothercoordinating
centers by direct (spinal cord) neurotransmission without brain involvement.
Furthermore, rapidandreciprocalcommunicationsbetweenepidermalandder-
mal and adnexal compartmentsare also mediated by neurotransmission includ-
ing antidromic modes of conduction. In conclusion, skin cells and skin as an
organcoordinateand/orregulatenotonlyperipheralbutalsoglobalhomeostasis.
v
.
Acknowledgments
The projects described were supported by grants R01AR052190, R01AR047079,
and 1R01AR056666-01A2 from the NIH/NAIMS and grants IBN-9405242, IBN-
9604364, and IOS-0918934 from the NSF to ATS and grants from the Polish
Ministry of Science and Higher Education N405 623238 and N402 662840 to
MAZ. The chapter on melatonin is dedicated to Dr. Aaron B. Lerner who has
discoveredanddefinedthestructureofmelatonin.ThechapteronCRFandCRF
receptors is dedicated to Dr. Wylie Vale who codiscovered the CRF. We are
grateful to Professor Zbigniew Kmiec for his critical comments, intellectual
input,carefuleditorialwork,andtimecommittedtothismanuscript.
vii
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Contents
1 Introduction .............................................................................. 1
1.1 GeneralOverview .................................................................... 1
1.2 AnOverviewofHistologyandAnatomy .......................................... 3
1.3 AnOverviewofSkinInnervation .................................................. 5
2 BiogenicAminesintheSkin ............................................................ 7
2.1 AnOverview ......................................................................... 7
2.2 Catecholamines ...................................................................... 7
2.2.1 ProductionandMetabolism ................................................. 7
2.2.2 BioregulatoryRoleofCatecholaminesintheSkin ....................... 10
2.3 Histamine .......................................................................... 14
2.3.1 ProductionandMetabolismofHistamine ................................ 14
2.3.2 BioregulatoryRoleofHistamineintheSkin ............................. 15
2.3.3 Conclusions ................................................................. 16
2.4 SerotoninergicSystem ............................................................. 17
2.4.1 ProductionandMetabolismofSerotonin ................................ 17
2.4.2 BioregulatoryRoleofSerotoninintheSkin .............................. 22
2.4.3 SerotoninReceptorsonSensoryNerves .................................. 24
2.4.4 ReceptionofUltravioletLight ............................................. 25
2.4.5 Conclusions ................................................................. 26
3 MelatoninergicSystemintheSkin ................................................... 27
3.1 MelatoninProduction ............................................................. 27
3.2 MelatoninDegradation ............................................................ 29
3.3 BiologicalActivityofMelatonin .................................................. 31
3.4 MelatoninReceptorsintheSkin ................................................. 34
3.5 MelatoninProtectsAgainstSkinDamage ....................................... 35
3.6 Conclusions ........................................................................ 36
4 CutaneousCholinergicSystem ........................................................ 37
4.1 AnOverview ....................................................................... 37
4.2 Conclusions ........................................................................ 38
5 CorticotropinSignalingSystemintheSkin ......................................... 41
5.1 CRFandUrocortins ............................................................... 41
5.2 ExpressionandFunctionsofCRFandUrocortinsintheSkin ................. 41
5.3 SplicingofCRFReceptorTranscripts ............................................ 44
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