Selforganization in Complex Systems: The Past, Present, and Future of Synergetics: Proceedings of the International Symposium, Hanse Institute of Advanced Studies, Delmenhorst, Germany, November 13-16, 2012

366 Pages·2016·46.79 MB·English

by  Günter Wunner

Understanding Complex Systems
Axel Pelster
Günter Wunner Editors
Selforganization in
Complex Systems:
The Past, Present, and
Future of Synergetics
Proceedings of the International
Symposium, Hanse Institute of
Advanced Studies, Delmenhorst,
Germany, November 13–16, 2012
Springer Complexity
SpringerComplexityisaninterdisciplinaryprogram publishingthebestresearchandacademic-
level teachingonbothfundamental andappliedaspects ofcomplexsystems—cutting across all
traditionaldisciplinesofthenaturalandlifesciences,engineering, economics,medicine,neuro-
science,socialandcomputerscience.
ComplexSystemsaresystemsthatcomprisemanyinteractingpartswiththeabilitytogenerate
anewqualityofmacroscopiccollectivebehaviorthemanifestationsofwhicharethespontaneous
formationofdistinctivetemporal,spatialorfunctionalstructures.Modelsofsuchsystemscanbe
successfullymappedontoquitediverse“real-life”situationsliketheclimate,thecoherentemis-
sion oflight from lasers, chemical reaction–diffusion systems, biological cellular networks, the
dynamicsofstockmarketsandoftheinternet,earthquakestatisticsandprediction,freewaytraffic,
thehumanbrain,ortheformationofopinionsinsocialsystems,tonamejustsomeofthepopular
applications.
Althoughtheirscopeandmethodologiesoverlapsomewhat,onecandistinguishthefollowing
mainconceptsandtools:self-organization,nonlineardynamics,synergetics,turbulence,dynami-
calsystems,catastrophes,instabilities,stochasticprocesses,chaos,graphsandnetworks,cellular
automata,adaptivesystems,geneticalgorithmsandcomputationalintelligence.
ThethreemajorbookpublicationplatformsoftheSpringerComplexityprogramarethemono-
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EditorialandProgrammeAdvisoryBoard
HenryAbarbanel,InstituteforNonlinearScience,UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,USA
DanBraha,NewEnglandComplexSystems,InstituteandUniversityofMassachusetts,Dartmouth,USA
PéterÉrdi,CenterforComplexSystemsStudies,KalamazooCollege,USAandHungarianAcademyof
Sciences,Budapest,Hungary
KarlFriston,InstituteofCognitiveNeuroscience,UniversityCollegeLondon,London,UK
HermannHaken,CenterofSynergetics,UniversityofStuttgart,Stuttgart,Germany
Viktor Jirsa, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de la Méditerranée,
Marseille,France
JanuszKacprzyk,SystemResearch,PolishAcademyofSciences,Warsaw,Poland
KunihikoKaneko,ResearchCenterforComplexSystemsBiology,TheUniversityofTokyo,Tokyo,Japan
ScottKelso,CenterforComplexSystemsandBrainSciences,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,BocaRaton,
USA
Markus Kirkilionis, Mathematics Institute and Centre for Complex Systems, University ofWarwick,
Coventry,UK
JürgenKurths,NonlinearDynamicsGroup,UniversityofPotsdam,Potsdam,Germany
AndrzejNowak,DepartmentofPsychology,WarsawUniversity,Poland
HassanQudrat-Ullah,SchoolofAdministrativeStudies,YorkUniversity,Canada
LindaReichl,CenterforComplexQuantumSystems,UniversityofTexas,Austin,USA
PeterSchuster,TheoreticalChemistryandStructuralBiology,UniversityofVienna,Vienna,Austria
FrankSchweitzer,SystemDesign,ETHZürich,Zürich,Switzerland
DidierSornette,EntrepreneurialRisk,ETHZürich,Zürich,Switzerland
StefanThurner,SectionforScienceofComplexSystems,MedicalUniversityofVienna,Vienna,Austria
Understanding Complex Systems
Founding Editor: Scott Kelso
Futurescientificandtechnological developments inmanyfieldswillnecessarily dependuponcoming
togripswithcomplexsystems.Suchsystemsarecomplexinboththeircomposition—typically many
differentkindsofcomponentsinteractingsimultaneouslyandnonlinearlywitheachotherandtheirenvi-
ronmentsonmultiplelevels—andintherichdiversityofbehaviorofwhichtheyarecapable.
TheSpringerSeriesinUnderstandingComplexSystemsseries(UCS)promotesnewstrategiesand
paradigmsforunderstandingandrealizingapplicationsofcomplexsystemsresearchinawidevarietyof
fieldsandendeavors.UCSisexplicitlytransdisciplinary.Ithasthreemaingoals:First,toelaboratethe
concepts,methodsandtoolsofcomplexsystemsatalllevelsofdescriptionandinallscientificfields,
especiallynewlyemergingareaswithinthelife,social,behavioral,economic,neuro-andcognitivesci-
ences(andderivativesthereof);second,toencouragenovelapplicationsoftheseideasinvariousfields
ofengineeringandcomputationsuchasrobotics,nano-technology andinformatics;third,toprovidea
singleforumwithinwhichcommonalitiesanddifferencesintheworkingsofcomplexsystemsmaybe
discerned,henceleadingtodeeperinsightandunderstanding.
UCSwillpublishmonographs,lecturenotesandselectededitedcontributionsaimedatcommunicat-
ingnewfindingstoalargemultidisciplinaryaudience.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/5394
·
Axel Pelster Günter Wunner
Editors
Selforganization in Complex
Systems: The Past, Present,
and Future of Synergetics
Proceedings of the International Symposium,
Hanse Institute of Advanced Studies,
Delmenhorst, Germany,
November 13–16, 2012
ABC
Editors
AxelPelster GünterWunner
FachbereichPhysik InstitutfürTheoret.PhysikI
ForschungszentrumOPTIMAS UniversitätStuttgart
TechnischeUniversitätKaiserslautern Stuttgart
Kaiserslautern Germany
Germany
ISSN1860-0832 ISSN1860-0840 (electronic)
UnderstandingComplexSystems
ISBN978-3-319-27633-5 ISBN978-3-319-27635-9 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-27635-9
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015957036
(cid:2)c SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016
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Hermann Haken, born July 12, 1927 in Leipzig (Germany) is physicist and
professor emeritus in theoretical physics at the University of Stuttgart.
Preface
In numerous systems of both living and nonliving nature complex spatio-tem-
poral or functional patterns of self-organization processes are ubiquitous. They
are extremely important in physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, as well as in
the engineering, and even in the social sciences. Over the past several decades
understanding such self-organization processes has not only changed physics,
but has also led to improvements in our daily life. Hermann Haken, who cel-
ebrated his 85th birthday in 2012, is an internationally recognized pioneer in
this respect, having laid the mathematical-physical basis for describing and an-
alyzing self-organization processes with his fundamental theory of Synergetics.
Hakensuccessfullyappliedsynergeticmethods toinvestigatethelaserandother
physical systems, as well as in studies on the brain. Since it was founded, this
trulyinterdisciplinaryfieldhasexperiencedarapidgrowth,bothintermsofthe
mathematical-physical methodology and the success that has been achieved by
applyingittoadiversityofdifferentfieldsofresearch.Onalllengthscalesandin
allareasofhumanlife -fromthequantumlevelrightuptothespreadofdisease
over air traffic junctions - self-organization and complex dynamics behaviour
haveturnedoutto playakeyrole.Amorein-depthunderstanding ofthese pro-
cesses will allow the development of diverse methods of control with which we
canattempttomasterthecomplexityofthesesystems.Thepotentialofpractical
applicationscancertainlybe enhancedifthe differentdisciplines sharetheir ad-
vanced and sophisticated methods, as well as their experiences with each other.
Therefore,theInternationalSymposiumSelf-OrganizationinComplexSys-
tems: The Past, Present, and Future of Synergeticswasorganizedatthe
Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg, an Institute of Advanced Studies in Delmenhorst
(Germany), in the period November 13-16, 2012. The Symposium covered the
research field Synergetics as a whole, ranging from basic methods to concrete
applications, by taking advantage of its interdisciplinary impact. Moreover, by
combining a historical review with a present status report the Symposium gave
young scientists an understanding of the allure and potency of this branch of
researchaswellasits applicabilityinthe future.Intotalthe Symposiumhad60
participants from, besides Germany, several Europeancountries and the United
States, among them 22 senior scientists delivering invited talks and 22 junior
scientists presenting poster contributions. The present volume consists of the
material of most of the invited talks as well as a selection from the posters at
this meeting, and is published in the Series Understanding Complex Sys-
tems of the Springer Publishing Company. Additional information about the
Symposium is available at the homepage
http://www-user.rhrk.uni-kl.de/~apelster/Haken/index.html
whichcontains,inparticular,thebookletwithabstractsofallcontributions,the
slides of the invited talks and a gallery with 260 pictures.
VIII Preface
The quest for common and universal principles of self-organization in com-
plex systems was clearly demonstrated by the wide range of interdisciplinary
topics covered by the Symposium. At the beginning, complexity in the realm
of classical physics was illustrated by the still open problem of turbulence in
fluids whichwaspresentedbothfromanexperimentalandatheoreticalpointof
viewbyJoachimPeinkeandSiegfriedGrossmann,respectively.Whiletheformer
talk emphasizedthe presentsearchforstochasticmodelsto describeexperimen-
tal data for turbulent and turbulence driven systems, the latter presentation
informed about recent results regarding the flow organization in highly turbu-
lent thermal convection. Another highlight was the investigation of nonlinear
dynamical systems in general and the control of their bifurcations in particular
vianoiseandtimedelays,whichwerecoveredbyAxelHuttandEckehard Sch¨oll.
Here the impact of additive noise towards tuning the stability of nonlinear sys-
temsaswellasthecontrolofself-organizingcomplexsystemsandnetworkswith
time delay were analyzed in detail. This discussion was amplified by the treat-
ment of statistical properties of time-dependent linear and nonlinear oscillators
by Marko Robnik. A historical review of the widespread applications of Syner-
geticsintherealmofchemicalreactionswasdeliveredbyPeter Plath. Therethe
phenomenaofself-organizationandpatternformationwerecrucial,forinstance,
forthesuccessfuldescriptionofoscillatingchemicalreactionsandreactionswith
limit-cyclebehaviour.EvenmorecomplexdynamicswerepresentedbyLisaBor-
land who addressed the highly topical issue of the physics of finance. Following
the spirit of Synergetics, she showed that time series of financial data exhibit
highlynontrivialstatisticalpropertieswhichcanbecapturedbymoreorlessre-
alisticmodels.Theyrevealcooperativeeffectsofcollectivebehaviourwhichturn
out to lie at the root of many interesting phenomena of the financial markets.
Another branch of complexity was provided by a series of invited talks on
quantum many-body systems. At first, quantum statistical problems were dis-
cussed in the talks by Fritz Haake on quantum chaotic equilibration in the ab-
sence of dissipation and by Gu¨nter Mahler on the emerging field of quantum
thermodynamics.WhereasHaakecomparedtheinterdependenceofclassicaland
quantumdynamicsbymeansoftheconcreteparadigmaticexampleoftheDicke
model, where a large spin is coupled to an oscillator, Mahler focused on the
general philosophical question how a qualitatively different type of behaviour
maysystematicallyemergefromthe underlyingquantumsubstrate.Afterwards,
Cun-Zheng Ning reported on the trailblazer of Synergetics by discussing the
spectacular properties of nanolasers and their experimental realization. In par-
ticular, the process of miniaturization recently led to the invention of many
microcavity lasers such as photonic crystal lasers, distributed feedback lasers,
and nanowire lasers with different properties. Another manifestation of light
was introduced by Martin Weitz who reported on the spectacular recent exper-
iment on the Bose-Einstein condensation of photons in a dye-filled microcavity
atroomtemperature.The cavitymirrorsprovidebothaconfiningpotentialand
a non-vanishing effective photon mass, making the system formally equivalent
to a two-dimensional gas of trapped, massive bosons. Inherently nonlinear mat-
Preface IX
ter waves were then the topics of the subsequent presentations on the theory
of Bose-Einsteincondensates. Gu¨nter Wunner reported about the possibility to
realizeparity-time-symmetricBose-Einsteincondensatesinadouble-wellpoten-
tial landscape. Despite the mutual presence of loss and gain stable condensates
emergewhichshouldbeobservableinanexperiment.Quantumphasetransitions
of bosons in optical lattices were described by Axel Pelster within a Ginzburg-
Landau theory. Here, the theoretical tools for analyzing non-equilibrium phase
transitions in the realm of Synergetics turned out to be also applicable to the
newly emerging field of phase transitions at zero temperature which are driven
by quantum fluctuations.
An essential partof the SynergeticsSymposium was devotedto the flourish-
ingfieldofself-organizationinneuroscience.Mostprominentlyfeaturedthetalk
by Hermann Haken, who discussed the brain both as a synergetic and a phys-
ical system. Despite the huge complexity of the brain due to the large number
of neurons and their connections at the microsopic level, several enlightening
neurophysiological experiments can be already understood at the macroscopic
level with the choice of appropriate order parameters. Complementary to that
approachGerhard Rothdescribedthepsychologicalsubjectofpersonalitydevel-
opmentasaprocessofself-organizationintermsofneurophysiology.Spectacular
insights in treating brain diseases based on synergetic principles were described
by Peter Tass. He demonstratedthat coordinatedresetneuromodulationallows
unlearningpathologicalneuronalsynchronysuchasParkinson’sdiseaseandtin-
nitus. Subsequently, Gu¨nter Schiepek demonstratedconvincinglythat Synerget-
ics has now many indispensable applications in psychology. He reported about
excitingprogressinapplyingthephysicalconceptsofphasetransitionsandcriti-
calinstabilitiestopsychotherapeuticprocesses.Afterwards,functionalproperties
ofbraindynamicsweremodelledbothin spaceandtime bysynergeticnetworks
in the presentation by Viktor Jirsa. His workhorse was the connectivity matrix
of the brain whose spatial components are defined by the underlying anatomi-
cal connections, whereas its temporal components are determined by the neural
time delays. Afterwards, Andreas Daffertshofer discussed the related topic of
the dynamics of synchrony and information processing in the nervous system.
To this end he analyzed in detail within a Kuramoto-like network model how
the phase dynamics of coupled neural oscillators depend on the corresponding
amplitudechanges.IncontrasttothatAnetaStefanovskaanalyzedorganicbody
functions with synergetic methods. To this end she introduced the new concept
ofachronotaxicsystemasa model systemfar fromthermodynamic equilibrium
whichadjustsitsclocks.Finally,TillFranktransferredthefundamentalconcepts
for the synergetic computer to the possible emergence of physical intelligence.
He concluded with the statement that the synergetic computer defines a sub-
class of intelligent physical systems with many possible applications in the field
of artificial intelligence.
All these invited talks about the present-day research status of Synergetics
were completed by three historical contributions. At first Hermann Haken de-
livered obituaries for two of his former students and coworkersArne Wunderlin
X Preface
and Rudolf Friedrich who had died untimely in 2012. Furthermore, the evening
lecture of Bernd Kro¨ger highlighted the scientific life of Hermann Haken from
different personal angles. Therein, the emphasis was to give special attention to
the roadmap to Synergetics in the period from 1950 to 1983. Another impres-
sive historical retrospect was provided by Cun-Zheng Ning who reflected upon
personal memories how Synergetics was introduced in China. In particular, he
concludedthatthegradualspreadingofideasofself-organizationinChinaatthe
beginningoftheeightiesinthe lastcenturydefinitelycatalyzedandcontributed
to a gradual opening of the scientific China to the western world.
The organizers of the Symposium gratefully acknowledge generous financial
support from the Volkswagen Foundation. In particular, we thank its program
director Ulrike Bischler for her continuous moral support during all stages of
the organization. The purpose of the Symposium to reveal future trends in the
interdisciplinary research field of synergetics fitted perfectly into the general
present-day guidelines of the Volkswagen Foundation. Furthermore, it should
be recalled that the Volkswagen Foundation supported substantially Hermann
Haken’s outstanding researchin the past. First, Synergetics was endorsed in its
initial phase as an unconventional project by the Volkswagen Foundation from
1976until1980.Afterwards,HermannHakenwasaskedbytheVolkswagenFoun-
dation to submit a proposalfor a priority programme on Synergetics which was
thenfundedfrom1980until1990,finalprojectsevenexpiredonlyin1991.With
this the Volkswagen Foundation can claim to have contributed a large part of
the financial foundations to the overwhelming scientific success of Synergetics
in the different disciplines. The Symposium at the Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg
represented also for the Volkswagen Foundation a unique opportunity to re-
flect upon this past success more than 20 years after the synergetics funding
ended, and to extrapolate them to future trends via a careful synopsis of the
present research status. Also to this end the organizers of the Symposium pub-
lishthecollectedplenarylecturesandselectedpostercontributionsinformofthe
present ProceedingsBook. We thank Thomas Ditzinger from the Springer Pub-
lishingCompanyforhiskindassistance.Finally,weexpressourdeepestgratitude
to the Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg in Delmenhorst (Germany) which provided a
truly perfect and stimulating environment for such an international and inter-
disciplinary meeting. In particular, we thank the administrator Christina Thiel
and the scientific manager Wolfgang Stenzel for their efficient assistance in all
organizational matters.
Axel Pelster Technische Universita¨t Kaiserslautern(Germany),
Fellow at the Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg
during the winter terms 2011-12 and 2012-13
Gu¨nter Wunner Universit¨at Stuttgart (Germany)
July 2014