Self-Lubricating Composites

295 Pages·2018·13.798 MB·English

by  Pradeep L. Menezes, Pradeep K. Rohatgi, Emad Omrani

Pradeep L. Menezes
Pradeep K. Rohatgi
Emad Omrani Editors
Self-Lubricating
Composites
MATERIALS.SPRINGER.COM
Self-Lubricating Composites
(cid:129)
Pradeep L. Menezes Pradeep K. Rohatgi
Emad Omrani
Editors
Self-Lubricating
Composites
With170Figuresand17Tables
Editors
PradeepL.Menezes PradeepK.Rohatgi
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering DepartmentofMaterialsScienceand
UniversityofNevadaReno Engineering
Reno,Nevada,USA UniversityofWisconsin-Milwaukee
Milwaukee,WI,USA
EmadOmrani
DepartmentofMaterialsScienceand
Engineering
UniversityofWisconsin-Milwaukee
Milwaukee,WI,USA
ISBN978-3-662-56527-8 ISBN978-3-662-56528-5(eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56528-5
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Preface
Solidlubricantmaterialshavebecomethenecessityforpresentengineeringinnova-
tion in the field of aerospace, automobile, bioimplants, etc. Solid lubricating mate-
rials have been replacing the liquid lubricants due to their superior stability at
extreme conditions such as high temperature and high pressure. Understanding of
lubricationmechanismforvarioussolidlubricantmaterialshasbeenthekeyfactor
for their reliable application. This book emphasizes on various solid lubricant
materials, their application in the form of a coating, self-lubricating composites,
andasanadditiveintheoil.
▶Chapter 1 details the fundamentals of solid surfaces, contact mechanism, and
fundamentalofsolidlubricants.Theapplicationandmechanismofsolidlubricantas
the coating material is emphasized to control the tribological properties. Further,
various solid lubricant materials are discussed as the chemistry of solid lubricants
play an important role in the formation of a lubricating film (tribo-film) during
sliding. Along with coating, various other applications of solid lubricant materials
arehighlighted.
▶Chapter2presentstheapplicationofsolidlubricantmaterialsinmetalmatrix
compositesthatincludesmaterialselection,processingtechniques,andtribological
performance. The tribological performance is explained through the third body
approach as well as the parent materials where the mechanical, structural, and
chemicalinteractions between thematrixandreinforcementplayakeyrole.Based
on the current status of metal matrix composites, this chapter also emphasizes the
developmentofnewmaterialsandnewprocessingtechniquesforfurtherimproving
thetribologicalproperties.
▶Chapter 3 describes various self-lubricating polymer matrix composites for
bothtypesofthepolymers,suchasthermoplasticsandthermosets.Polymermatrix
hasbeenusedwithmultiphasereinforcementmaterials,suchasfibersandtextilesfor
strength,andsolidlubricantmaterialsforlubricatingproperties.Adetaileddescrip-
tion of lubrication mechanism and various factors affecting polymer composites is
presented followed by nanostructured self-lubricating polymer composites in
▶Chap. 4. The current state of the art is presented on lubricant nanomaterials that
give a deep insight to readers about the interaction between filler and matrix
materials,moderntechnologies,andhybridnanostructurestoachievehigh-demand-
ingtribologicalapplications.
v
vi Preface
▶Chapter5addressestheself-lubricatingceramicmatrixcompositesthatsignify
the applicability of ceramic composites at extreme environmental condition due to
their high-temperature resistance and chemical inertness. This chapter presents the
processingandmechanismfortwonewtypesofself-lubricatingceramiccomposites
whicharefunctionallygradedmaterialsandcore-shellstructuredcompositepowders
in ceramic matrix. The mechanical and tribological properties of these new com-
positesarealsocomparedwithtraditionalself-lubricatingcomposites.
▶Chapter 6 deals with the polymeric solid lubricant transfer film. The transfer
filmisessentialforlowerfrictionandwearrates,andmeasurementofthesetransfer
film has been the critical part to control tribological performance. In this chapter,
recent advances in characterization of polymeric transfer film are focused that
includestopographical,adhesive,mechanical,andchemicalproperties.
Graphite is one of the promising reinforcement for self-lubricating composites,
andtheformationofin-situ2Dgraphiteincomposites isthelatestdevelopmentin
thefieldofself-lubricatingcomposites.Adetailedprocessing,characterization,and
characterization of in-situ generated turbostratic 2D graphite are described in
▶Chap. 7. The superior lubrication performance of in-situ 2D graphite is also
comparedwithotherformsofgraphite.
Inthefieldoftribology,surfaceengineeringplaysanimportantroleincontrolling
the friction and wear phenomena. The significance of surface engineering in self-
lubricating alumina matrix composites is shown in ▶Chap. 8. This chapter brings
outtherelationshipbetweensurfacemicrostructureandproperties(mechanicaland
tribological)inthepresenceofthree-dimensionalself-lubricatingmaterials.
▶Chapter9focusesonvarioustheoriesandavailablemodelsonself-lubricating
materials for molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. This chapter provides a basic
understanding of MD simulation and also the need of MD simulation for self-
lubricating composites. This chapter is aimed to improve the understanding of
lubricationmechanismonmolecularlevelusingavailablemodels.
Theubiquitousnegativeeffectsofdifferentmaterialsonecosystemsareoutlined
in ▶Chap. 10, along with the recent efforts to develop eco-friendly lubricant
materials. This chapter provides a deep environmental analysis of self-lubricating
composites that gives a clear picture of environmental benefits by using self-lubri-
catingcomposites,suchasaluminum/graphitecomposites.
Thisbookisintendedforprofessionalsaswellasuniversitystudentstoprovide
basic understating as well as the recent development in the field of self-lubricating
materials.Wehaveaddedanextensivelistingofresultsofdifferentconcerningfields
thataremechanical,chemical,materialsandmanufacturing,andenvironmentsafety.
Professionalsconnectedwithdevelopmentandapplicationsofself-lubricatingmate-
rials will find this book very useful in understanding the multidisciplinary knowl-
edge.Wehavealsoaddedtheextensivelistofreferencesattheendofeachchapter,
and it makes this book as an excellent source of references in the field of self-
lubricatingcomposites.
Comprehensive knowledge of self-lubricating materials through this book has
beenpossiblewiththecollectiveeffortsofvariousresearchgroupsaroundtheworld.
Contents
1 FundamentalsofSolidLubricants ......................... 1
AjayKumarPrajapati,EmadOmrani,PradeepL.Menezes,and
PradeepK.Rohatgi
2 TribologyofSelf-LubricatingMetalMatrixComposites ........ 33
YinyinZhangandRichardR.Chromik
3 Self-LubricatingPolymerComposites ...................... 75
AjayKumarPrajapati,EmadOmrani,PradeepL.Menezes,and
PradeepK.Rohatgi
4 TribologyofSelf-LubricatingPolymerNanocomposites ........ 105
AndreaSorrentino
5 RecentProgressinSelf-LubricatingCeramicComposites ....... 133
GuangyongWu,ChonghaiXu,GuangchunXiao,andMingdongYi
6 PolymericSolidLubricantTransferFilms:RelatingQualityto
WearPerformance ..................................... 155
JiaxinYe,DianaHaidar,andDavidBurris
7 InSituGeneratedTurbostratic2DGraphite:ANewWayto
ObtainHigh-PerformanceSelf-LubricatingIron-Based
Composites ........................................... 181
JoseDanielBiasolideMello,CristianoBinder,SoniaMariaHickel
Probst,andAloisioNelmoKlein
8 SurfaceEngineeringDesignofAlumina-MatrixComposites ..... 231
YongshengZhang,HengzhongFan,LitianHu,YuanFang,and
JunjieSong
vii
viii Contents
9 MolecularDynamicsSimulationofFrictioninSelf-
LubricatingMaterials:AnOverviewofTheoriesand
AvailableModels ....................................... 251
AliBakhshinejad,MarjanNezafati,Chang-SooKim
RoshanMD’Souza
10 EnvironmentalAnalysisofSelf-LubricatingComposites:
AReview ............................................. 273
MohammadHasanBalali,NarjesNouri,andWilkistarOtieno
About the Editor
Pradeep L. Menezes (corresponding author) is an Assistant Professor in the
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineeringattheUniversityofNevada,Reno,Nevada.
Before joining this university, he worked as an Adjunct Assistant Professor at the
UniversityofWisconsin–Milwaukee(UWM),Wisconsin,andasaResearchAssis-
tantProfessorattheUniversityofPittsburgh,Pennsylvania.Dr.Menezes’sproduc-
tive research career has produced more than 70 peer-reviewed journal publications
(citationsmorethan2000,h-index–24),25bookchapters,andtwobooksrelatedto
tribology.Pradeep K.RohatgiisaUWMDistinguishedProfessor.Hehascoedited
andcoauthored12booksandmorethan400scientificpapersandhas19USpatents.
He is considered as a world leader in composites and materials policy for the
developing world. He has served on committees of governments of United States
andIndiaintheareas ofmaterials, especiallythoserelated toautomotivesector,to
promotecollaboration.Hisresearchincludesadvancedmanufactureoflightweight,
energy absorbing, self-lubricating, and self-healing materials and components
including micro- and nanocomposites and syntactic foams. He is the founder chief
technology officer (CTO) of Intelligent Composites, LLC, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
EmadOmraniisagraduatestudentofDr.RohatgiattheUWM.Hehascoauthored2
book chapters and 7 peer-reviewed scientific papers. At UWM, Dr. Menezes col-
laborated with Dr. Rohatgi and Mr. Omrani in the areas of tribology and self-
lubricating materials and published several research papers on the tribology of
self-lubricatingmaterials.Dr.MenezesandDr.Rohatgiarewell-knowntribologists
andself-lubricatingmaterialsscientists.Theseeditorsarethereforewellknownand
wellconnectedinthisfieldtoputforthanexcellentbookonthistopic.
Thisbookisintendedforprofessionalsaswellasuniversitystudentstoprovide
basicunderstandingaswellastherecentdevelopmentinthefieldofself-lubricating
materials. An extensive listing of results of different concerning fields that are
mechanical, chemical, materials and manufacturing, and environment safety are
included in this book. Professionals connected with development and applications
of self-lubricating materials will find this book very useful in understanding the
multidisciplinary knowledge. Due to the extensive lists of references at the end of
eachchapter,thisbookmakesanexcellentsourceofreferencesinthefieldofself-
lubricatingcomposites.
ix
Contributors
AliBakhshinejad UniversityofWisconsin-Milwaukee,Milwaukee,WI,USA
MohammadHasanBalali DepartmentofIndustrialandManufacturingEngineering,
College of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee,
Milwaukee,WI,USA
Cristiano Binder Laboratório de Materiais, Departamento de Engenharia
Mec^anica,UniversidadeFederaldeSantaCatarina,Florianópolis,SC,Brazil
David Burris Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware,
Newark,DE,USA
Richard R. Chromik Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill
University,Montreal,QC,Canada
RoshanMD’Souza UniversityofWisconsin-Milwaukee,Milwaukee,WI,USA
Hengzhong Fan State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of
ChemicalPhysics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Lanzhou,China
UniversityofChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing,China
YuanFang StateKeyLaboratoryofSolidLubrication,LanzhouInstituteofChem-
icalPhysics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Lanzhou,China
Diana Haidar Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware,
Newark,DE,USA
LitianHu StateKeyLaboratoryofSolidLubrication,LanzhouInstituteofChem-
icalPhysics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Lanzhou,China
Chang-SooKim UniversityofWisconsin-Milwaukee,Milwaukee,WI,USA
Aloisio Nelmo Klein Laboratório de Materiais, Departamento de Engenharia
Mec^anica,UniversidadeFederaldeSantaCatarina,Florianópolis,SC,Brazil
Jose Daniel Biasoli de Mello Laboratório de Materiais, Departamento de
Engenharia Mec^anica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC,
Brazil
xi