Self-cleaning Coatings Structure, Fabrication and Application 1 0 0 P F 1- 9 9 3 2 6 2 8 7 1 8 7 9 9/ 3 0 1 0. 1 oi: d g | or c. s s.r b u p p:// htt n o 6 1 0 2 er b m e pt e S 1 n 0 o d e h s bli u P View Online RSC Smart Materials Series Editors: Professor Hans-Jo¨rg Schneider, Saarland University, Germany 1 00 Professor Mohsen Shahinpoor, University of Maine, USA P F 1- 9 Titles in this Series: 9 3 62 1: Janus Particle Synthesis, Self-Assembly and Applications 2 78 2: Smart Materials for Drug Delivery: Volume 1 1 78 3: Smart Materials for Drug Delivery: Volume 2 9 9/ 4: Materials Design Inspired by Nature 3 0 1 5:ResponsivePhotonicNanostructures:SmartNanoscaleOpticalMaterials 0. 1 6: Magnetorheology: Advances and Applications oi: d 7: Functional Nanometer-Sized Clusters of Transition Metals: Synthesis, org | Properties and Applications sc. 8: Mechanochromic Fluorescent Materials: Phenomena, Materials and bs.r Applications u p p:// 9: Cell Surface Engineering: Fabrication of Functional Nanoshells htt 10: Biointerfaces: Where Material Meets Biology on 11: Semiconductor Nanowires: From Next-Generation Electronics to 6 1 Sustainable Energy 0 2 er 12: Supramolecular Materials for Opto-Electronics b m 13: Photocured Materials e pt 14: Chemoresponsive Materials: Stimulation by Chemical and e S 1 Biological Signals n 0 15: Functional Metallosupramolecular Materials o ed 16: Bio-Synthetic Hybrid Materials and Bionanoparticles: A Biological h blis Chemical Approach Towards Material Science Pu 17: Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMCs): Smart Multi-Functional Materials and Artificial Muscles Volume 1 18: Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMCs): Smart Multi-Functional Materials and Artificial Muscles Volume 2 19: Conducting Polymers: Bioinspired Intelligent Materials and Devices 20: Smart Materials for Advanced Environmental Applications 21: Self-cleaning Coatings: Structure, Fabrication and Application How to obtain future titles on publication: Astandingorderplanisavailableforthisseries.Astandingorderwillbring delivery of each new volume immediately on publication. For further information please contact: BookSalesDepartment,RoyalSocietyofChemistry,ThomasGrahamHouse, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WF, UK Telephone: þ44 (0)1223 420066, Fax: þ44 (0)1223 420247 Email: [email protected] Visit our website at www.rsc.org/books View Online Self-cleaning Coatings Structure, Fabrication and Application 1 0 0 P F 1- 9 9 3 2 6 Edited by 2 8 7 1 8 97 Junhui He 9/ 3 Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 0 1 0. Beijing, China 1 oi: Email: [email protected] d g | or c. s s.r b u p p:// htt n o 6 1 0 2 er b m e pt e S 1 n 0 o d e h s bli u P View Online 1 0 0 P F 1- 9 9 3 2 6 2 8 7 1 8 7 9 9/ 3 0 1 0. 1 oi: d RSCSmartMaterialsNo.21 g | or c. PrintISBN:978-1-78262-286-4 s s.r PDFeISBN:978-1-78262-399-1 b pu EPUBeISBN:978-1-78262-911-5 p:// ISSN:2046-0066 htt n 6 o AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary 1 0 er 2 rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2017 b m pte Allrightsreserved e S 1 Apartfromfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchfornon-commercialpurposesorfor n 0 privatestudy,criticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatents o d Act1988andtheCopyrightandRelatedRightsRegulations2003,thispublicationmaynot e h s bereproduced,storedortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withouttheprior ubli permissioninwritingofTheRoyalSocietyofChemistryorthecopyrightowner,orinthe P caseofreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissuedbytheCopyright LicensingAgencyintheUK,orinaccordancewiththetermsofthelicencesissuedbythe appropriateReproductionRightsOrganizationoutsidetheUK.Enquiriesconcerning reproductionoutsidethetermsstatedhereshouldbesenttoTheRoyalSocietyof Chemistryattheaddressprintedonthispage. 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PublishedbyTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry, ThomasGrahamHouse,SciencePark,MiltonRoad, CambridgeCB40WF,UK RegisteredCharityNumber207890 Forfurtherinformationseeourwebsiteatwww.rsc.org PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY,UK 5 0 0 P F 1- 9 9 Preface 3 2 6 2 8 7 1 8 7 9 9/ 3 0 1 0. 1 oi: Recent years have seen a fast development in the field of self-cleaning d g | coatingstowardsvariedapplications,suchassolarcells,flatdisplaypanels, c.or smart cellular phones, building windows, oil pipelines, vehicle-related s s.r coatings, optical devices, safety products, intelligent devices, oil–water sep- b u aration, etc. The field has been attracting the attention of not only research p p:// and teaching scientists and application engineers, but also a huge popu- n htt lation of college and graduate students. o 6 This book is aimed at documenting the latest research and development in 1 20 thehottopic,andentertainingreaderswithbothnaturalmysteriesandartificial er miracles. The book contains contributions from world-renowned specialists b m e in the field, and ten reviews that discuss natural counterparts with self- pt Se cleaning functions, theoretical aspects of self-cleaning phenomena, fabrication n 01 strategiesandmethods,variedapplications,andindustrialimpacts,etc.,under o thetitleof‘‘Self-cleaningCoatings—Structure,FabricationandApplication’’. d he After a year of hard work, the book has eventually been finalized. At this s bli point, I would like to take the opportunity to acknowledge all the authors u P who spent their precious time preparing their great contributions to the book.IwouldalsoliketothankMrPuHeandDrLinYao,whocontributed tothe preparation ofthe book. Iamalso verygratefulto Prof.Dr Hans-J¨org Schneider for inviting me to participate in the publishing program of the RSC Smart Materials Series, and to the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK, for providing the opportunity to publish this book. Junhui He Functional Nanomaterials Laboratory Center for Micro/Nanomaterials and Technology Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences RSCSmartMaterialsNo.21 Self-cleaningCoatings:Structure,FabricationandApplication EditedbyJunhuiHe rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2017 PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org v View Online 5 0 0 P F 1- 9 9 3 2 6 2 8 7 1 8 7 9 9/ 3 0 1 0. 1 oi: d g | or c. s s.r b u p p:// htt n o 6 1 0 2 er b m e pt e S 1 n 0 o d e h s bli u P 7 0 0 P F 1- 9 9 Biography 3 2 6 2 8 7 1 8 7 9 9/ 3 0 1 0. 1 oi: Junhui He is a professor and head of the Functional d g | Nanomaterials Laboratory at the Technical Institute or c. ofPhysicsandChemistry(TIPC),ChineseAcademyof s s.r Sciences (CAS). He also serves as the director of the b pu Center for Micro/Nanomaterials and Technology, p:// TIPC, and managing editor of the International htt n Journal of Nanoscience. He received his B.Sc. degree o 6 from the National University of Defense Technology 1 0 2 and his M.Sc. degree and Ph.D. degree under ber Prof. E. Wang from the Institute of Photographic m pte Chemistry, CAS. He then spent two years as a postdoctoral fellow with Se Prof. N. S. Allen at Manchester Polytechnic and over four years as a STA 1 n 0 fellowandFRSresearcherwithProf.T.KunitakeatFrontierResearchSystem d o (FRS),RIKEN.HereturnedaspartoftheHundredTalentsProgram.Hehas e sh so far co-authored over 260 peer-reviewed scientific papers and filed over ubli 60 patents. His research interests involve functional nanomaterials, smart P surfaces, thin films, biomimetic materials, sensors, and their energy and environmental applications. RSCSmartMaterialsNo.21 Self-cleaningCoatings:Structure,FabricationandApplication EditedbyJunhuiHe rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2017 PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org vii View Online 7 0 0 P F 1- 9 9 3 2 6 2 8 7 1 8 7 9 9/ 3 0 1 0. 1 oi: d g | or c. s s.r b u p p:// htt n o 6 1 0 2 er b m e pt e S 1 n 0 o d e h s bli u P 9 0 0 P F 1- 9 9 Contents 3 2 6 2 8 7 1 8 7 9 9/ 3 0 1 Chapter 1 The Inspiration of Nature: Natural Counterparts with 0. 1 oi: Self-cleaning Functions 1 d g | Tong Li, Tingting Ren and Junhui He or c. s.rs 1.1 Introduction 1 b u 1.2 Theories 2 p p:// 1.2.1 Interfacial Wettability 2 htt n 1.2.2 Interfacial Force Disequilibrium 4 o 6 1.3 Self-cleaning Surfaces in Nature 4 1 0 er 2 1.3.1 Hydrophobic Self-cleaning Surfaces 4 mb 1.3.2 Elastic Effects of Tomenta Introduced e pt Self-cleaning Surfaces 12 e S 1 1.3.3 Micro/Nanostructured Slippery Surfaces 13 n 0 1.3.4 Hydrophilic and Oleophobic (in Water) o d e Self-cleaning Surfaces 15 h s bli 1.3.5 Disequilibrium of Interfacial Force Induced u P Self-cleaning Surfaces 19 1.4 Conclusion and Outlook 21 Acknowledgements 21 References 22 Chapter 2 Biological Surface: Lotus Leaves and Butterfly Wings 25 Cheng Song and Yongmei Zheng 2.1 Introduction 25 RSCSmartMaterialsNo.21 Self-cleaningCoatings:Structure,FabricationandApplication EditedbyJunhuiHe rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2017 PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org ix View Online x Contents 2.2 The Evolution and Taxonomy of the Lotus and Butterflies 26 2.2.1 The Lotus 26 2.2.2 The Butterflies 28 9 0 0 2.3 Self-cleaning Properties of Lotus Leaves P F 1- and Butterfly Wings 30 9 39 2.3.1 The Lotus Leaves 30 2 6 2 2.3.2 Butterfly Wings 36 8 7 1 2.4 Artificial Self-cleaning Surfaces Inspired by Lotus 8 7 9/9 Leaves and Butterfly Wings 46 3 0 2.5 Conclusion 49 1 0. 1 References 50 oi: d org | Chapter 3 Transparent Superamphiphobic Coatings: Structure, sc. Fabrication and Perspective 53 s.r b Zhi Geng and Junhui He u p p:// htt 3.1 Introduction 53 n o 3.2 Superamphiphobic Coatings: Re-entrant and 6 1 0 Overhang Surface Structures and Their Effects 2 er on Light Transmittance 54 b m e 3.3 Approaches to Building Superamphiphobic pt Se Coatings with High Transmittance 57 1 n 0 3.3.1 Colloidal Lithography and Plasma o d Nanotexturing 57 e h s 3.3.2 3-D Diffuser Lithography 60 bli u 3.3.3 Electrospinning 60 P 3.3.4 Spray-coating 65 3.3.5 Micromolding 66 3.3.6 Micromolding and Spray-coating 66 3.3.7 Template-based Method 69 3.3.8 Spin-coating 71 3.3.9 Layer-by-layer Assembly 72 3.3.10 Slippery Liquid Infused Porous Surfaces 76 3.4 Summary and Outlook 81 Acknowledgements 82 References 82 Chapter 4 Superhydrophilic and Superhydrophobic Thin Film Type of Photocatalysts with Self-cleaning Properties 86 Takashi Kamegawa and Hiromi Yamashita 4.1 Introduction 86 4.2 TiO Thin Films for Superhydrophilic Coatings 87 2