Self-assessment colour review of small animal abdominal and metabolic disorders

194 Pages·1999·5.18 MB·English

by  Bryn Tennant

Abbreviations
ACTH Adrenocorticotrophic hormone IHL Idiopathic hepatic lipidosis
ADH Antidiuretic hormone IVU Intravenous urogram
AIHA Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia LPE Lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis
ALP Alkaline phosphatase MCHC Mean cell haemoglobin
ALT Alanine aminotransaminase concentration
APTT Activated partial thromboplastin MCV Mean corpuscular volume
time MER Maintenance energy requirement
AST Aspartate transaminase nRBC Nucleated red blood cell
BIPS Barium impregnated polyspheres NSAID Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
CBC Complete blood (cell) count drug
CCV Canine coronavirus OSPT One stage prothrombin time
CDV Canine distemper virus PCR Polymerase chain reaction
cfu Colony forming units PCV Packed cell volume (haematocrit)
CHPG Chronic hypertrophic pyloric PEM Protein-energy malnutrition
gastropathy PLE Protein-losing enteropathy
CNS Central nervous system PLN Protein-losing nephropathy
CPV Canine parvovirus PNM/CD Prolapsed nictitating
CRF Chronic renal failure membrane/chronic diarrhoea
CSF Cerebrospinal fluid (syndrome)
DFM Dark field microscopy PPN Partial parenteral nutrition
DIC Disseminated intravascular PT Prothrombin time
coagulation PTH Parathyroid hormone
ECF Extracellular fluid PTT Partial thromboplastin time
ECG Electrocardiogram PU/PD Polyuria/polydipsia
ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent RBC Red blood cell
assay RIM Rapid immunomigration
EPI Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency RPI Reticulocyte production index
FCV Feline calicivirus RTA Renal tubular acidosis
FCoV Feline coronavirus SG Specific gravity
FeLV Feline leukaemia virus SIAP Steroid induced isoenzyme of ALP
FHV Feline herpesvirus SIBO Small intestinal bacterial
FIP Feline infectious peritonitis overgrowth
FIV Feline immunodeficiency virus T3 Triiodothyronine
FLUTD Feline lower urinary tract disease T4 Thyroxine
FPV Feline panleucopenia virus TIBC Total iron-binding capacity
FUS Feline urological syndrome TLI Trypsin-like immunoreactivity
GFR Glomerular filtration rate TPN Total parenteral nutrition
GGT Gamma glutamyl transferase TRH Thyrotropin releasing hormone
GH Growth hormone TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone
GI Gastrointestinal UIBC Unbound iron-binding capacity
HAC Hyperadrenocorticism UP:C Urine protein:creatinine
Hb Haemoglobin URT Upper respiratory tract
HGE Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis VI Virus isolation
hpf High powered field VLDLs Very low density lipoproteins
IBD Inflammatory bowel disease VNA Virus neutralizing antibodies
IFA Immunofluorescent assay WBC White blood cell
Self-Assessment Colour Review of
Small Animal
Abdominal and
Metabolic Disorders
Bryn Tennant
BVSc, PhD, CertVR, MRCVS
Capital Diagnostics
SAC Veterinary Science Division
Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
Manson Publishing/The Veterinary Press
Acknowledgements
Illustrations 67and 74are reproduced with permission of Dr F. J. McEvoy; 88a and
bwith permission of Mr M. E. Herrtage; and 99 with permission of Dr K. Monce.
Copyright © 1999 Manson Publishing Ltd
ISBN: 1–874545–49–9
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Manson Publishing Ltd, 73 Corringham Road, London NW117DL, UK.
Project management: Paul Bennett
Text editing: Peter Beynon
Design and layout: Patrick Daly and Lara Last
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Printed by: Grafos SA, Barcelona, Spain
Preface
Veterinary medicine continues to evolve and progress as concepts change, new disor-
ders are recognized and novel diagnostic approaches are reported. This book brings
together a wide variety of cases and clinical situations which relate to disorders of the
abdominal cavity in a question and answer format. These cases are presented in differ-
ent ways and relate to the highly individual approach to cases by each of the wide vari-
ety of specialist authors who have contributed to the text. The book should be useful to
all veterinary surgeons and students and provides a rich mix of material ranging from
relatively simple cases to complex and controversial subjects. It is hoped that the text
will not only serve to test the ability of the reader but also be informative.
The cases primarily draw on diseases affecting organs of the abdominal cavity,
although non-abdominal disorders primarily relating to endocrine problems, and occa-
sional muscular, neurological and dermatological disorders, are also included. The dif-
ferent subject areas are randomly mixed throughout the book. The Broad Classification
of Cases (below) and the Index (page 191) can be used to find specific areas of interest.
Normal biochemical and haematological values are listed in the Appendix (page 189).
The results within the body of the text use SI units, but old units are included in the
Appendix along with conversion factors. The abbreviations used within the text are
listed on the inside of the front cover.
Broad Classification of Cases
Body cavities 19, 36, 45, 46, 74, 148, 156, 160, 168, 174, 177, 178, 187, 193
165, 187 Lower urinary tract 4, 10, 32, 42, 75, 106,
Cardiovascular 33, 45 113, 118, 126, 129, 133, 135, 138, 143
Endocrine 5, 14, 23, 30, 41, 47, 52, 53, Neoplasia 1, 8, 21, 25, 54, 59, 85, 92,
93, 100, 107, 121, 123, 140, 142, 145, 133, 146, 164, 172, 173, 180, 183
149, 157, 163 Neurology 39, 70, 171, 177
Haematology 2, 8, 31, 69, 73, 95, 102, Nutrition 13, 15, 34, 64, 71, 101, 134,
110, 112, 124, 132, 191 186, 190, 195
Infectious disease 9, 16, 18, 24, 38, 39, Oesophagus 34, 68, 128, 159
40, 44, 48, 57, 62, 63, 70, 81, 82, 83, Ophthalmology 33, 142, 167
90, 98, 99, 103, 122, 124, 147, 158, Orthopaedic 85, 98, 182
161, 170, 176, 184, 188 Pancreas 25, 127, 152, 174
Intestine 6, 13, 29, 54, 55, 61, 62, 76, 81, Prostate 35, 97, 106, 139
88, 94, 101, 116, 119, 120, 127, 131, Reproduction 11, 17, 28, 50, 51, 60, 66,
141, 147, 153, 161, 162, 166, 175, 78, 86, 105, 109, 114, 176, 180
186, 189, 195 Respiratory 6, 63, 170
Kidney 1, 7, 27, 32, 49, 58, 72, 79, 80, Skin 37, 186
84, 87, 96, 104, 108, 111, 117, 122, Stomach 3, 12, 15, 25, 68, 72, 91, 99,
137, 144, 150, 155, 173, 182, 193, 196 103, 115, 119, 125, 136, 164, 181,
Liver 20, 22, 26, 37, 46, 56, 64, 65, 67, 183, 185, 192
71, 74, 77, 89, 92, 130, 146, 151, 154, Toxins 102, 104
3
Contributors
Diane Addie, BVMS PhD MRCVS Carmel Mooney,MVB MPhil MRCVS
University of Glasgow Veterinary School Department of Small Animal Clinical
Department of Veterinary Pathology Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK University College Dublin
Ballsbridge, Dublin 4, Ireland
Joe Bartges, DVM
University of Georgia Carolien Rutgers, DVM MS DipACVIM
College of Veterinary Medicine DSAM MRCVS
Department of Small Animal Medicine Royal Veterinary College
and Surgery Department of Small Animal Medicine
Athens, GA 3060L, USA and Surgery
Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
Gary England, BVetMed PhD DVR
CertVA DVRep DipACT FRCVS Andrew Sparkes, BVetMed PhD MRCVS
Royal Veterinary College University of Bristol
Department of Small Animal Medicine Department of Clinical Veterinary
and Surgery Science
Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK Langford, Bristol BS18 7DU, UK
Sue Gregory, BVetMed PhD DVR DSAS Bryn Tennant, BVSc PhD CertVR
MRCVS MRCVS
Royal Veterinary College Capital Diagnostics
Department of Small Animal Medicine SAC Veterinary Science Divison
and Surgery Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QE, UK
Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7T, UK
Andrew Torrance, MA VetMB PhD
Ed Hall,MA VetMB PhD MRCVS DipACVIM MRCVS
University of Bristol Bloxham Laboratories
Department of Clinical Veterinary Teignmouth, Devon TQ14 8AH, UK
Science
Langford, Bristol BS18 7DU, UK
Karyl Hurley, DVM
Royal Veterinary College
Department of Small Animal Medicine
and Surgery
Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
4
1 & 2: Questions
11aa 11bb
1 Lateral survey radiograph (1a) and ventrodorsal
abdominal radiograph (1b) taken 20 minutes after
intravenous administration of contrast media to a
nine-year-old, neutered female Lhasa Apso with a
two-week history of haematuria. Abdominal palpa-
tion revealed a mid-abdominal mass.
i.What is your diagnosis?
ii.What is the commonest type of renal neoplasm in dogs?
iii.What is the commonest type of renal neoplasm in cats?
22
2 Examine the RBC morphology and arrangement shown (2).
i.Comment on the findings in the film.
ii.Would these microscopic findings be evident grossly in the sample?
iii.What is the significance of these findings?
iv.Would you elect to perform a Coombs test in this case?
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1 & 2: Answers
1 i. Abdominal mass located in the area 11cc
of one of the kidneys. The contrast mate-
rial has outlined the mass, confirming it
as a kidney. Intravenous pyelography
increases the accuracy of demonstrating
suspicious abdominal masses as a kidney.
A blush in one area of the kidney may be
seen due to neovascularization associated
with the tumour. On occasions there may
be little or no uptake of contrast materi-
al. The mass was removed surgically (1c).
ii. Over 85% of canine kidney tumours are epithelial and 90% are malignant. Two
thirds of renal neoplasms are carcinomas. Other tumours include transitional cell
carcinoma, adenoma, papilloma, fibroma, lymphoma, sarcoma and nephroblastoma.
iii. In cats the commonest renal neoplasm is lymphosarcoma which usually affects
both kidneys. Approximately 50% of cats with renal lymphoma test positive for
FeLV and approximately 40% of cats with renal lymphoma also have CNS involve-
ment. Other cancers affecting feline kidneys include carcinoma and nephroblastoma.
2 i. The RBCs show anisocytosis and polychromasia. The clumped pattern of the
RBCs is due to agglutination. Microscopically this can usually be differentiated from
rouleaux formation which appears as stacked arrays of RBCs rather than clumps.
ii. This is microscopic agglutination; the clumps are not large enough to be visible
grossly. When clumps of RBCs can be seen grossly in the sample they must be differen-
tiated from rouleaux formation by mixing one drop of blood with one drop of normal
saline on a slide. The rouleaux will disperse, while agglutination will persist.
iii.The microscopic agglutination implies that RBCs are bound together by antibodies
or complement and suggests an immunological disease process. This sample shows evi-
dence of regeneration and it is fair to assume that this is a case of autoimmune haemo-
lytic anaemia (AIHA).
iv. Where the haematological profile findings are consistent with AIHA and microag-
glutination is present, demonstrating the presence of antibody or complement bound to
RBCs using a Coombs test yields no further diagnostic information; the diagnosis of
AIHA has already been made. Coombs tests quite frequently give anomalous or unreli-
able results when performed on samples already containing agglutinated RBCs.
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3 & 4: Questions
33aa 33bb
3 This radiograph (3a) is of a four-year-old, entire male Yorkshire Terrier who had a his-
tory of intermittent, passive regurgitation of food and water for several years. Thoracic
radiographs were taken and subsequent contrast radiography was performed (3b).
i.Describe your radiographic findings, and state your diagnosis.
ii.What therapy do you recommend?
44
4 A seven-year-old, neutered female cat was presented with a history of intermittent
haematuria over the last six months which responded to treatment with antibiotics.
Clinical examination was unremarkable and the bladder was full. The cat was otherwise
well.
i.What are your differential diagnoses?
The only abnormality found on radiographic investigation is shown (4).
ii.What is your diagnosis and management advice for this case?
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3 & 4: Answers
3 i.A soft tissue opacity is present in the caudodorsal thorax. Differential diagnoses
include pleural or pulmonary disease, oesophageal disease or gastric herniation.
After administration of liquid barium, the contrast material outlines rugal folds of
the stomach within the thorax and a cranially displaced stomach in the abdomen
consistent with a hiatal hernia.
ii. Hiatal hernias are usually congenital, but many dogs experience signs only inter-
mittently due to the sliding nature of the stomach into the thorax from the abdomen.
In dogs with minimal, only intermittent clinical signs, these may be best managed
medically with H -blockers to control gastric acidity and reduce the common com-
2
plication of oesophagitis. Prokinetic therapies and a low-fat diet may help to increase
gastric motility and emptying. Surgical correction is required in animals with persis-
tent signs of regurgitation and oesophageal disease.
4 i. Urinary tract infection; feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD)/feline uro-
logical syndrome (FUS); urinary tract calculi; urinary tract neoplasia; bleeding abnor-
malities; urinary tract trauma.
ii.The radiographic diagnosis is a single cystic calculus. The density of the stone sug-
gests that the calculus is composed of struvite or oxalate. Provided other causes of
haematuria have been excluded and any urinary tract infection identified, the treat-
ment is surgical removal of the calculus via a cystotomy. The calculus should be
analysed using a qualitative technique so that dietary changes or other relevant diag-
nostic tests can be performed to prevent recurrence. Urinalysis should be performed
pre-operatively. In this case the calculus was composed of 100% calcium oxalate
monohydrate. Advice was given to feed the cat a restricted protein, but not phos-
phate restricted, diet and monitor the urine, checking the pH and the presence of
crystals. The possibility of an underlying hypercalcaemia was checked. The owners
of this cat were warned that despite these measures recurrence could occur.
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