Selected Studies in International Migration and Immigrant Incorporation (Amsterdam University Press - Imiscoe Textbooks)

635 Pages·2010·6.46 MB·English

by  Marco Martiniello

imiscoe
Migration and ethnic studies are on the rise. A body of literature has rapidly m TEXTBOOKS
a
r
grown and, within it, a European research area is emerging. Yet, the scholarship t
in
is still highly fragmented, being largely orientated towards the United States ie
and other countries with longer, older narratives of immigration. Unlike ll
o
people, theories and concepts do not travel easily, meaning we cannot take for &
r
granted that research results are equally applicable on all continents. The first a
t
volume of the imiscoe Textbooks Series answers the pressing need for a h
( Selected Studies in
e
European perspective on migration. Assembling for the first time in a single d
s
binding are 25 classic papers that have had a lasting impact on studies of .)
international migration and immigrant integration in Europe. Not only is S
e
this book a body of knowledge drawing together complementary expertise l
e International Migration
c
developed in the field thus far, it is a launch pad for cross-national comparisons t
e
around the globe. d
S
t
u
Marco Martiniello is research director of the National Fund for Scientific d and Immigrant
i
Research (frs-fnrs) in Belgium and a professor of sociology and politics at e
s
the University of Liège, where he also serves as director of the Center for in
Ethnic and Migration Studies (cedem). Jan Rath is a professor of urban In
sociology at the University of Amsterdam, where he also serves as director of te Incorporation
r
the Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies (imes). n
a
t
i
o
n
a
“The editors have selected from both the grounding classics and the best new work to show l M marco martiniello & jan rath (eds.)
how migration is transforming the rich democracies.” i
g
Professor John Mollenkopf, The City University of New York r
a
t
i
o
“A collection of must-read, though sometimes hard-to-find, pieces that any scholar or n
a
student interested in immigration to Europe and its consequences will want to consult.” n
d
Professor Roger Waldinger, University of California, Los Angeles I
m
m
“A must not only for courses focused on Europe, but also a most useful tool for shedding new
i
g
light on North American migration by casting it in an often neglected comparative context.” r
a
Professor Aristide Zolberg, The New School for Social Research n
t
I
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
isbn 978 90 8964 160 1
amsterdam university press · www.aup.nl Amsterdam University Press
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Selected Studies in International Migration 11
and Immigrant Incorporation 12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
migration en ethnic deel 1.indd 1 04-03-10 15:56
1 IMISCOE
2 International Migration, Integration and Social Cohesion in Europe
3
The IMISCOE Research Network unites researchers from, at present, 25 institutes
4 specialising in studies of international migration, integration and social cohesion
5 in Europe. What began in 2004 as a Network of Excellence sponsored by the Sixth
Framework Programme of the European Commission has become, as of April 2009, an
6
independent self-funding endeavour. From the start, IMISCOE has promoted integrated,
7 multidisciplinary and globally comparative research led by scholars from various branches
8 of the economic and social sciences, the humanities and law. The Network furthers existing
studies and pioneers new scholarship on migration and migrant integration. Encouraging
9
innovative lines of inquiry key to European policymaking and governance is also a priority.
10
11 The IMISCOE-Amsterdam University Press Series makes the Network’s findings and
results available to researchers, policymakers and practitioners, the media and other
12
interested stakeholders. High-quality manuscripts authored by Network members and
13 cooperating partners are evaluated by external peer reviews and the IMISCOE Editorial
14 Committee. The Committee comprises the following members:
15
Christina Boswell, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh,
16 United Kingdom
17
Tiziana Caponio, Department of Political Studies, University of Turin / Forum for
18
International and European Research on Immigration (FIERI), Turin, Italy
19
20 Michael Collyer, Sussex Centre for Migration Research (SCMR), University of Sussex,
United Kingdom
21
22 Rosita Fibbi, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies (SFM), University of
23 Neuchâtel, Switzerland / Institute of Social Sciences, University of Lausanne
24
Albert Kraler, International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), Vienna,
25 Austria
26
Leo Lucassen, Institute of History, Leiden University, The Netherlands
27
28 Jorge Malheiros, Centre of Geographical Studies (CEG), University of Lisbon, Portugal
29
Marco Martiniello, National Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS), Brussels / Center for
30
Ethnic and Migration Studies (CEDEM), University of Liège, Belgium
31
32 Patrick Simon, National Demographic Institute (INED), Paris, France
33
Miri Song, School of Social Policy and Sociology, University of Kent, United Kingdom
34
35 IMISCOE Policy Briefs and more information can be found at www.imiscoe.org.
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
migration en ethnic deel 1.indd 2 04-03-10 15:56
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Selected Studies in International Migration
9
10
and Immigrant Incorporation
11
12
edited by 13
Marco Martiniello and Jan Rath 14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
IMISCOE Textbooks 40
41
Amsterdam University Press 42
43
migration en ethnic deel 1.indd 3 04-03-10 15:56
1
2
3
4 The multidisciplinary IMISCOE-AUP Textbook Series encompasses, at present, four volumes, and
5 aims to present both an international comparison of the development of international migration and
6 immigrant integration in Europe and an assessment of theoretical approaches with regard to this
7 issue. Materialisation of this objective strengthens the development and dissemination of a body
8 of common knowledge in this field and consequently boosts the growth of a European research
9 area. The current volume encompasses 25 theoretical papers that have had an impact on research
10 in Europe or reflect a European perspective on international migration and immigrant integration.
11 Our thanks are due to IMISCOE and to all those who have contributed, in whatever way, to the
12 realisation of this first volume. We especially thank Anna Swagerman and, most of all, Kim Jansen.
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33 Cover design Studio Jan de Boer, Amsterdam
Layout The DocWorkers, Almere
34
35
isbn 978 90 8964 160 1
36
e-isbn 978 90 4851 104 4
37 nur 741 / 763
38
39 © Martiniello and Rath / Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2010
40
All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book
41
may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or
42 by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written
43 permission of both the copyright owners and the authors of the book.
migration en ethnic deel 1.indd 4 04-03-10 15:56
1
2
Contents
3
4
5
Marco Martiniello and Jan Rath 6
Introduction: migration and ethnic studies in Europe 7 7
8
Part 1 - The migration process 19 9
1 Stephen Castles and Godula Kosack 10
The function of labour immigration in Western 11
European capitalism 21 12
2 Tomas Hammar 13
Introduction to European immigration policy: 14
a comparative study 45 15
3 Thomas Faist 16
The crucial meso-level 59 17
4 Steven Vertovec 18
Conceiving and researching transnationalism 91 19
5 Russell King 20
Towards a new map of European migration 111 21
6 Virginie Guiraudon 22
The constitution of a European immigration policy 23
domain: a political sociology approach 141 24
7 Abdelmalek Sayad 25
Immigration and ‘state thought’ 165 26
27
Part II - Modes of incorporation 181 28
8 Hans van Amersfoort 29
‘Minority’ as a sociological concept 183 30
9 Tariq Modood 31
‘Black’, racial equality and Asian identity 201 32
10 William Rogers Brubaker 33
Introduction to immigration and the politics of citizenship 34
in Europe and North America 215 35
11 Marco Martiniello 36
Ethnic leadership, ethnic communities’ political 37
powerlessness and the state in Belgium 237 38
12 Michel Wieviorka 39
Racism in Europe: unity and diversity 259 40
13 Rainer Bauböck 41
Changing the boundaries of citizenship: 42
the inclusion of immigrants in democratic polities 275 43
migration en ethnic deel 1.indd 5 04-03-10 15:56
6 contents
1 14 Robert Kloosterman, Joanne van der Leun and Jan Rath
2 Mixed embeddedness: (in)formal economic
3 activities and immigrant businesses in the Netherlands 315
4 15 Patrick Simon
5 The mosaic pattern: cohabitation between ethnic
6 groups in Belleville, Paris 339
7 16 Hassan Bousetta
8 Political dynamics in the city: three case studies 355
9 17 Adrian Favell
10 Integration and nations: the nation-state and research
11 on immigrants in Western Europe 371
12
13 Part III - Conceptual issues 405
14 18 Fredrik Barth
15 Introduction to ethnic groups and boundaries:
16 the social organization of cultural difference 407
17 19 John Rex
18 The theory of race relations: a Weberian approach 437
19 20 Floya Anthias and Nira Yuval-Davis
20 Contextualizing feminism: gender, ethnic and
21 class divisions 469
22 21 John Solomos
23 Varieties of Marxist conceptions of ‘race’, class and the
24 state: a critical analysis 489
25 22 Frank Bovenkerk, Robert Miles and Gilles Verbunt
26 Racism, migration and the state in Western Europe:
27 a case for comparative analysis 517
28 23 Robert Miles and Victor Satzewich
29 Migration, racism and ‘postmodern’ capitalism 537
30 24 Etienne Balibar
31 Class racism 567
32 25 Ceri Peach
33 The ghetto and the ethnic enclave 581
34
35 About the editors 607
36
37 List of sources 609
38
39 Index 613
40
41
42
43
migration en ethnic deel 1.indd 6 04-03-10 15:56
1
2
Introduction:
3
migration and ethnic studies in Europe 4
5
6
Marco Martiniello and Jan Rath 7
8
9
10
Over the past few decades, practically every country in the advanced 11
world has witnessed a substantial increase in immigration (Castles 12
& Miller 2009). Some countries such as Canada or the United States 13
have hosted immigration for centuries, and their mental map and 14
social fabric are consequently geared to accommodating newcomers. 15
But even for those countries, the magnitude of the current flow of 16
people crossing the border with or without valid documents was un- 17
expected. The US had its version of the guest worker system in the 18
Mexican Bracero Program of the 1940s, but the immigration of Latino 19
workers for the agricultural industry is nothing when compared to 20
what was in store. The previous immigration regime favoured immi- 21
grants from Europe, but the abolition of restrictions for immigrants 22
from Africa, Asia or Latin America in 1965 opened the US to non- 23
Europeans (Cornelius, Martin & Hollifield 1994). Immigration laws 24
were tightened in the 1980s and 1990s in response to growing politi- 25
cal pressure against what some regarded as unbridled immigration 26
as well as mounting unemployment and rising public expenditures 27
for documented and undocumented immigrants alike. Meanwhile, 28
Los Angeles outnumbered America’s all-time city of immigration, 29
New York. That being said – and contrary to the general political 30
mood in the US – authorities still maintain that the city warmly wel- 31
comes immigrants. Even if immigrants are not always treated as 32
welcome guests, still acknowledged are the contributions they have 33
made to the metropolis’ flourishing, now and in the past. 34
35
On the other side of the Atlantic, similar developments have occurred, 36
though under different circumstances. One striking difference is 37
that Europe’s nations have never really considered themselves coun- 38
tries of immigration the way North America has. On the contrary, 39
many, including Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal. Spain – sending 40
countries in living memory – and even the Netherlands presented 41
themselves as countries of emigration. International migration and international 42
the social problems it allegedly generates – and with which it usually migration 43
migration en ethnic deel 1.indd 7 04-03-10 15:56
8 marco martiniello and jan rath
1 is amalgamated – have in recent years emerged as inevitable issues
2 in the media and politics, especially after 9/11. Migration has been
3 constructed as an international and domestic security issue linked to
4 urban unsafety, international organised crime, terrorism, illegality,
5 environmental issues and public health. This has aggravated the fear
6 of an invasion of Europe by cohorts of poor people. Meanwhile, the
7 issue of the co-existence between nationals and migrant communi-
8 ties has become increasingly interpreted in terms of social tensions
9 and problems (criminality, drugs, unemployment, school drop-out,
10 insecurity, etc.). In several European countries, political parties play
11 on the fears of the electorate with regard to migration in order to
12 gather electoral support. More precisely, since 9/11 and the Madrid
13 bombings of 3/11, there has been real intellectual and political panic
14 surrounding the issue of Islam in Europe and elsewhere.1 To be fair,
15 there is also a more positive approach to migration and multicultur-
16 alism. Some welcome immigration as an answer to the greying of the
17 population. Others see it as a necessary condition for economic ad-
18 vancement in the framework of the Lisbon Agenda. The same holds
19 for diversity. While many politicians and opinion leaders advance an
20 assimilationist policy and thus aim at abolishing any form of ethnic
21 diversity, urban sociologists, economic geographers and city plan-
22 ners are increasingly identifying diversity as key for economic growth
23 (see for instance Florida 2000). Fractions of the general public also
24 value diversity in their social practices and modes of consumption as
25 illustrated by the success of ethnic food, fashion and world music, for
26 example in most European cities.
27
28 Nevertheless, public and political debates about migration are hardly
29 serene. In fact, since the early 1980s, migration has become the focal
30 point for passionate debates and controversies on a regular basis.2
31 In these circumstances, social scientists find themselves caught in a
32 very difficult position, especially if they take seriously the point that
33 their role is to elaborate knowledge free from passions and fears.
34 Their work is, in effect, running the risk of unwillingly reinforcing
35 the excessive dramatisation surrounding migratory phenomena.
36 Even when they assign themselves the precise opposite goal, they
37 are not always immune from distorted interpretations of their work
38 within the public sphere.
39
40 This ambiguity did not, however, preclude social scientists from be-
41 migration and coming very prolific. Proliferation of migration and ethnic studies
42 ethnic studies in Western Europe is a relatively recent phenomenon. This branch
43 of social scientific research took off in several European countries
migration en ethnic deel 1.indd 8 04-03-10 15:56
introduction 9
in the early 1980s and a little earlier in countries such as the United 1
Kingdom. In the first stages, the study of migration was largely re- 2
served for demographers and political economists. Traditionally, 3
it has been a key area of study for the discipline of demography. 4
Political economy has quite logically developed an interest in this 5
field. Until the oil crisis of 1973, the mere economic dimension of 6
migration was actually assumed to be the most obvious and most 7
natural dimension of the process. It was usually portrayed in terms 8
of the movements of the labour force. 9
10
The aim of the introduction to this textbook is not to present a classic 11
state of the art on migration and ethnic studies. This work has already 12
been done several times and has given rise to many publications in 13
different countries (see for instance Penninx, Berger & Kraal 2006). 14
Instead of repeating what has already been achieved, it seems more 15
fruitful in this context to articulate a number of marked features of 16
the field of study. We will briefly reflect on European migration and 17
ethnic studies and highlight a number of academic publications that 18
were central to this development. In our view, two structural factors 19
shape European migration and ethnic studies. Firstly, there is the 20
structure of European academic research, both in terms of disciplin- 21
ary and thematic profile and funding. Secondly, we turn our attention 22
to the dominance of American perspectives in this field and the ten- 23
dency of European researchers to take these perspectives for granted. 24
25
26
European migration and ethnic studies in a wider scientific 27
structure 28
29
The first feature of European migration and ethnic studies is what 30
may be called the problem of the epistemological break, according to absence of an 31
Gaston Bachelard (1983) and Pierre Bourdieu (1973). More precisely, epistemological 32
we should say that a major challenge in the study of migration and break 33
ethnic relations is the absence of any epistemological break, which 34
is often a result of the aforementioned intellectual emergency and 35
the social conditions of production of the social scientific work. As 36
discussed above, the common sense, led by a biased media sociali- 37
sation, conceives of immigration in terms of economic, social and 38
political problems. These include insecurity and criminality, unem- 39
ployment, poverty, urban decay, violence, religious and ethnic con- 40
flicts and the dilution of the nation. Since 1973, this mosaic of folk 41
representation has been widely diffused in the public. Surprisingly, 42
the social sciences as a whole and sociology, more specifically, did 43
migration en ethnic deel 1.indd 9 04-03-10 15:56