Selected Sensor Circuits: From Data Sheet to Simulation

284 Pages·2022·18.147 MB·English

by  Peter Baumann

Peter Baumann
Selected
Sensor
Circuits
From Data Sheet to Simulation
Selected Sensor Circuits
Peter Baumann
Selected Sensor Circuits
From Data Sheet to Simulation
PeterBaumann
HochschuleBremen
Bremen,Germany
ISBN978-3-658-38211-7 ISBN978-3-658-38212-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-38212-4
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Preface to the Third Edition of Selected Sensor
Circuits
Preface to the Third Edition
When presenting selected sensor circuits, it has proven useful in teaching that first the
sensorfunctionisexplainedonthebasisofdatasheetinformationandthenacorresponding
circuitisanalyzedwiththeprogramPSPICE.
In the third edition, minor corrections were made to the ultrasonic transmission. The
opticalsensorsaresupplementedbyaninfraredlightbarrierandthefoilforcesensorsby
applications in interaction with a comparator and a triangle-rectangle generator. In the
chapteronpiezoelectricbuzzers,anothersectiononself-triggeringbuzzershasbeenadded
totheexistingsectiononexternallytriggeredbuzzers.InthenewChap.10,surface-wave
devicesintheformofdelaylines,filters,andresonatorsarepresented.Thisisfollowedby
analysesofaColpittsandaPierceoscillatorforthefrequencyof315MHz.Asinprevious
years,asensorcircuitsprojectwasofferedinthesummersemester2019attheUniversity
ofAppliedSciencesBremenandsuccessfullycompletedbyagroupofstudents.
I would like to thank Reinhard Dapper, Chief Editor for Electrical Engineering at
SpringerVieweg,forhishelpfulsupportinthepublication ofthisthirdextendededition.
IwouldalsoliketothankDipl.-Ing.JohannesAertz,whoeditedthemanuscriptaccording
tothepublisher’sspecifications.
Bremen,Germany PeterBaumann
August2019
v
Contents
1 TemperatureSensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 NTCSensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 PTCSensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 SiliconTemperatureSensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2 PlatinumTemperatureSensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3 BandgapSourceasVoltageReference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2 HumiditySensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1 CapacitiveHumiditySensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1.1 SensorKFS140-D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1.2 SensorKFS33-LC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2 ElectrolyticHumiditySensorEFS-10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.3 ResistiveHumiditySensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3 OpticalSensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.1 Photoresistors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2 LightControlofaDCMicromotor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3 SiliconPhotodiode. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 52
3.4 Light-VoltageConverter. . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. 58
3.5 PhotovoltaicMOSFETRelay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.6 RGBColourSensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.7 Phototransistor. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . 73
3.8 ForkCoupler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.9 ReflexLightBarrier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.10 InfraredLightBarrier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4 ForceSensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.1 DefinitionofForce.. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 103
4.2 FoilForceSensor. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. 103
vii
viii Contents
4.3 VoltageFollowerwithForceSensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.4 InvertingAmplifierwithForceSensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.5 SchmittTriggerMultivibratorwithForceSensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.6 SchmittTriggerwithForceSensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.7 CountingCircuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.8 CountingtheImpactLoadPulses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.9 MOSFETControlwithFoilForceSensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.10 ComparatorwithFoilForceSensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.11 Triangle-RectangleGeneratorwithFoilForceSensor. . . . . . . . . . . . 127
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5 PressureSensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.1 StrainGauges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.2 StructuralSteelBendingBar. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. 132
5.3 PiezoresistiveP-SiliconPressureSensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6 HallSensor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.1 ModeofOperationandCharacteristicCurves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.2 HallSwitch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
6.3 SwitchingHysteresis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.4 HallVoltagewithCosineCurve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
7 ReedComponents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.1 ModeofAction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.2 ReedRelayasNormallyOpenContact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7.3 LightBarrierwithReedRelay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
7.4 ReedSensorasProximitySwitch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.4.1 BasicCircuitry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.4.2 CircuitwithHysteresis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
7.4.3 RepresentationoftheHysteresisLoop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
8 PiezoelectricBuzzer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
8.1 BuzzerforExternalControl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
8.1.1 PSPICEModelsofBuzzerswithExternalControl. . . . . . . . 183
8.1.2 CircuitswithBuzzersforExternalControl. . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
8.2 Selve-DriveBuzzer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
8.2.1 PSPICEModelsofSelf-DrivingBuzzers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
8.2.2 CircuitswithSelf-TriggeringBuzzers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Contents ix
9 UltrasonicTransducer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
9.1 PSPICEModels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 221
9.2 UltrasonicTransmitterandReceiver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
9.2.1 USTransmitterandUSReceiverasSingleStageTransistor
Amplifier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
9.2.2 USTransmitterwithUSReceiverasOP-NFAmplifier. . . . 226
9.3 UltrasonicDistanceWarning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
9.3.1 DistanceWarningwithE-POLYSourceasCoupling
Element. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
9.3.2 DistanceWarningwithInductanceCouplingElement. . . . . 235
9.4 TransmittingImpulsestotheReceiver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
10 SurfaceAcousticWaveDevices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
10.1 AOWDelayLines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
10.1.1 AOWDelayLinewithQuartzSubstrate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
10.1.2 AOWDelayLinewithLithiumNiobateSubstrate. . . . . . . . 250
10.1.3 SensorApplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
10.2 SurfaceAcousticWaveResonators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
10.2.1 One-PortSurfaceWaveResonator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
10.2.2 ColpittsOscillator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
10.2.3 PierceOscillator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
10.2.4 Two-PortSurfaceAcousticWaveResonator. . . . . . . . . . . . 272
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
1
Temperature Sensors
1.1 NTC Sensors
NTCsensors(NegativeTemperatureCoefficient)arehotconductorswhoseresistancedoes
notdecreaselinearlywhenheated,becauseasthetemperaturerises,moreandmorecharge
carriersarereleasedfromthemetal-oxideceramic.
Equation(1.1)describesthetemperatureresponseoftheNTCresistor.
(cid:4) (cid:1) (cid:3)(cid:5)
1 1
RT ¼RN (cid:2) exp B(cid:2) T (cid:3)T ð1:1Þ
N
WhereR isthenominalresistanceattemperatureT andBisamaterialconstantinunits
N N
ofKelvin.
DataSheet
NTCsensorM87-10,Siemens-Matsushita[1]:
Glass-encasedbeadformeasuringthetemperatureofironsorvehicleintakeairR ¼10
N
kΩatT ¼298K,B¼3474K.
N
Task:NTCSensorCharacteristicCurve
For the sensor M87-10 the characteristic curve R ¼ f(Temp) for the temperature range
T
from(cid:3)50(cid:4)Cto100(cid:4)CistobeanalyzedwiththeprogramPSPICE[2].
Solution
InthecircuitofFig.1.1,Eq.(1.1)isenclosedincurlybracketsandenteredasthevalueof
theresistor.Theparameterspecificationsweretakenfromthedatasheet.
#TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerFachmedienWiesbadenGmbH, 1
partofSpringerNature2023
P.Baumann,SelectedSensorCircuits,
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2 1 TemperatureSensors
Fig.1.1 Circuitforsimulatingthesensorcharacteristiccurve
Analysis
(cid:129) PSPICE,EditSimulationProfile
(cid:129) SimulationSettings–Fig.1.1:Analysis
(cid:129) Analysistype:DCSweep
(cid:129) Options:PrimarySweep
(cid:129) Sweepvariable:GlobalParameter
(cid:129) ParameterName:T
(cid:129) Sweeptype:Linear
(cid:129) Startvalue:223
(cid:129) Endvalue:373
(cid:129) Increment:1
(cid:129) Plot,AxisSettings,Axisvariable:T-273
(cid:129) Apply:OK
(cid:129) PSpice,run
TheanalysisresultaccordingtoFig.1.2showsthesimulatedsensorcharacteristiccurve.
TheplotR ¼f(T)withTinKelvinisavailableviaPlot,AxisSettings,Axisvariable,
T
T-273toobtainthetemperatureindegreesCelsiusontheabscissa.
Task:TemperatureCoefficientoftheNTCSensor
StartingfromEq.(1.1),derivethetemperaturecoefficientTK oftheresistorR andplotit
RT T
withPSPICEforthetemperaturerangefrom(cid:3)50(cid:4)Cto100(cid:4)C.
Solution
DifferentiationofEq.(1.1)givesdRT/dT¼(cid:3)B(cid:3)R /T2.Fromthisfollowsthetemperature
T
coefficientgiveninEq.(1.2).