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Select bibliography Chapter 1 For the standard British Africanist analysis, see Roland Oliver and John Fage, A Short History of Africa (Penguin, 1st edn., 1962, 5th edn., 1975); John Fage, History of Afn'ca (Hutchinson, 1978) and the new multi-volume Cambridge History of Africa, edited by Oliver and Fage. The American style is epitomised in Curtin, Feierman, Thompson and Vansina, African History (Longman, 1978), although the last two authors are originally from South Africa and Belgium respectively. Africans are largely responsible for the UNESCO History of Africa that has begun to be published. Pre-Africanist views that may be noted with profit are W.E.B. DuBois, The World and Africa (International Pub lishers, 1965), reflecting a specific Afro-American tradition and Samuel Johnson's History of the Yorubas (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966 reprint), a typical but distinguishedexample of the kind of written histories Africans were producing during the colonial period. Consensus and criticism within the field can be better understood by a progressive examination of Vansina, Mauny and Thomas, Ranger and Fyfe, the three collections discussed in the text and cited in the notes. On method and oral tradition, see its foremost champion, Jan Vansina, Oral Tradition (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1965), but also his remarks on its abuse: 'Comment: Traditions of Genesis', JAH, XV (1974). A collection presenting a critical view of anthropology is Talal Asad, ed., Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter (Ithaca Press, 1973). A brilliant portrait of one of the most influential anthropologists of the colonial 290 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY era has been penned by Richard Brown: 'Passages in the Life of a White Anthropologist: Max Gluckman in N orthern Rhodesia',jAH, XX (1979). Some of the earliest criticisms of Africanist history by Wrigley, Saul and Ochieng are cited in the text. The under developmentalist hypothesis is raised in E.A. Alpers, 'Re thinking African Economic History', KHR, I (1973) and Samir Amin, 'Underdevelopment and Dependen';e in Black Africa - Origin and Contemporary Forms',jMAS, X (1972). See also Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (Bogle-L'Ouverture, 1972). Arguably the finest work in the South African liberal tradition is C.W. DeKiewiet, A History of South Africa: Social and Economic (Oxford University Press, 1940). The tradition was extended under Africanist influence with Leonard Thompson and Monica Wilson, eds, Oxford History of South Africa (Oxford University Press, 1969-71). Among the landmarks of the new historiography of southern Africa are: Frederick J ohnstone, Class, Race and Gold (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1976); Charles van Onselen, Chibaro (Pluto Press, 1976) and Shula Marks and Anthony Atmore, eds, Economy and Society in Pre-industrial South Africa (Long man, 1980). Drawing on underdevelopmentalist and Marxist thought is the major collection by Neil Parsons and Robin Palmer, The Roots of Rural Poverty in Central and Southern Africa (Heinemann, 1977). A notion of the critieal ideas of some of the established African historians emerges from J.F .A. Ajayi's essay in the Ranger collection cited earlier, E.A. Ayandele, 'How Truly Nigerian is Nigerian History?' in his Nigerian Historical Studies (Frank Cass, 1979) and Bethwell A. Ogot, 'Towards a History of Kenya', KHR, IV (1976). An interestingsynthesis that has moved fairly far from the Africanist paradigm is Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch and Henri Mouniot, L 'Afrique a noire de 1800 nos jours (Presses Universitaires de France, 1974). Ailsa Auchnie, 'African Historical Research in the Paris Region', AA, LXXX (1981) usefully surveys the situation of African historiographie work in contemporary France. Three recent works have particularly influenced the writing of this chapter, the writings cited in the notes by Said, Swai and Bernstein & Depelchin. F or an expanded version of SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 291 Swai's hypothesis, see A.J. Temu and B. Swai, Historians and Africanist History: a Critique (Zed Press, 1981). Chapter 2 Marx 's scattered writings on pre-capitalist society have been collected in a number of editions, including one with a distinguished introduction by Maurice Godelier in French. A convenient English version was edited by Eric Hobsbawm, Pre-capitalist Economic Formations (International Publishers, 1964). The one Marxist classic on related material is Friedrich Engels' The Origin o[ the Family, Private Property and the State (Pathfinder Press, 1972). The serious student should also consult Lawrence Krader's edition of Marx's Ethnological Notebooks (Van Gorcum, 1974). The modes of production debate was inaugurated in France in the 1960s. Many of the early articles are collected in Sur le 'mode de production' asiatique, introduced by J ean Suret-Canale (Editions Sociales, 1974). Catherine Coquery Vidrovitch's seminal article, 'Research on an African Mode of Production' is translated in Martin Klein and G. Wesley J ohnson, eds, Perspectives on the African Past (Little, Brown, 1972). Many relevant articles have been published in the London journal Critiques o[ Anthropology. Others are avail able in three important collections, M. Bloch, ed., Marxist Analysis and Social Anthropology (Random House, 1975), David Seddon, ed., Relatz'ons o[ Production (Frank Cass, 1978) and Harold Wolpe, ed., The Articulation o[ Mo des o[ Production (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980). Some of the most distinguished French Marxist anthropologists contrib uted short selections of their latest considerations in a special issue of Dialectiques (21, 1977). Claude Meillassoux has provided a provocative exposition of his concept of lineage society in Maidens, Meal and Money (Cambridge University Press, 1980). Studies specifically inspired by these issues include Marc Auge, Pouvoirs de vie, pouvoirs de mort (Flam marion, 1977);J.P. Olivier de Sardan, Le Systemederelations economiques et sociales chez les Wogo, (Musee de I'Homme, 1969); Pierre-Philippe Rey, Colonialisme, neo-colonialisme et la transition au capitalisme (Maspero, 1971) and Eric 292 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Pollet and Grace Winter, 'L'organisation sodale du travail agricole des Soninke', Cahiers d'etudes africaines, VIII (1968). Recent American considerations of the debate with some interesting case studies are edited by Donald Crummey and Charles Stewart, Modes of Production in Africa (Sage, 1981). Meillassoux has also edited a wide-ranging and major collection on slavery in Africa, L 'esclavage en Afrique pre coloniale, (Maspero, 1975). This and other work is critically surveyed by Frederick Cooper, 'The Problem of Slavery in African Studies',JAH, XIX (1979). These pages cannot embrace the vast literature of specialist interest on pre-colonial Africa. This selection is based on those works that cover major areas or have some wider import. For more detailed references, the multi-volume Cambridge History of Africa is a good starting point. The Ca m bridge Encyclopaedia of Archaeology (Cambridge University Press, 1980) provides a convenient, brief overview of recent provenance. ] .E.G. Sutton, 'The Aquatic Age in Africa', JAH, XV (1974) is arecent provocative discussion of one facet of the transition to agriculture in Africa. See also ] .D. Fage and Roland Oliver, eds, Papers in African Prehtstory (Cambridge University Press, 1970); ].R. HarIan et al., eds, Origins of African Plant Domestication (University of Chicago Press, 1976); L. Krzyzaniak, 'New Light on Early Food Production in the Central Sudan',JAH, XIX (1978). Hunting and gathering communities in Africa are the subject of ]. Woodburn, Hunters and Gatherers: Material Culture of the Nomadic Hadza (The British Museum Trustees, 1970) and Richard Lee, The !Kung San; Men, Women and Work t'n a Foraging Society (Cambridge University Press, 1979) which addresses issues from a materialist perspective. The West African past is surveyed in the compendium, ].F. Ade Ajayi and Michael Crowder, History ofWest Africa (Columbia University Press, 1976). Some of the most interest ing thinking on the ancient states of the upper Niger Basin has been done by East Europeans. These include Marian Malowist, 'Social and Economic Stability of the Western Sudan', Past and Present, XXXllI (1966, with a rejoinder by A.G. Hopkins, XXXVII, 1967); Michel Tymowski, 'Economie et societedans le bassin du Moyen-Niger, fin du XVI- SELEeT BIBLIOGRAPHY 293 XVIIIe siede', AB, XXXVIII (1973) and 'Les domaines des princes du Songhay', Annales, XXV (1970) and L.E'. Kubbel, Songhaiskaya Derzhava (Nauk, Moscow, 1974). A representative state further to the west is considered in Boubacar Barry, Le Royaume de Waalo (Maspero, 1972) and the economy of early Senegambia sulVeyed in Philip Curtin, Economic Change in Pre-colonial Africa (University of Wisconsin Press, 1975). Both emphasise contact with the West. On the Mossi-Volta section of the savanna (Upper Volta-Ghana), see Nehemiah Levtzion, Muslims and Chiefs in West Africa (Clarendon Press, 1968) and Michel Izard, a Introduction l'histoire du royaume mossi (Centre National des Recherches Scientifiques, 2 vols, 1970). On the central savanna, H.F.C. Smith, 'The Beginnings of Hausa Society' in Jan Vansina, Raymond Mauny and L.V. Thomas, eds, The Historian in Tropical Africa (Oxford University Press, 1964) contains elements of a materialist analysis. So does Nicole Echard, L 'Experience du passe; ethno-histoire de l'Ader haoussa (Paris, 1972). The best introduction to the most famous jihad state is Murray Last, The Sokoto Caliphate (Longman, 1967). See also his 'Administration and Dissent in Hausaland', Africa, XL (1970); Marilyn Waldman, 'The Fulani Jihad: a Reassessment',IAH, VI (1965); M.G. Smith, Government in Zazzau, 1800-1950 (Oxford University Press, 1960); Michael Mason, 'Captive and CHent Labour and the Economy of Bida Emirate, 1857-1901', IAN, XIV (1973). On post-jihad society in western West Africa, there are several stimulating artic1es: Y oussouf Gueye, 'Essai sur les causes et les consequences de la micropropriete au Fouta Toro', Bulletin de l'Institut Fran~ais de l'Afrique Noire, serie B, XIX (1957); Walter Rodney, jihad and Social Revolution in the Eighteenth Century Futa DjaIlon',IHSN, IV (1968); Marion Johnson, 'The Economic Foundations of an Islamic Theocracy - the Case of Masina', IAH, XVII (1976) and Richard Roberts, 'Production and Reproduction of Warrior States: Segu Bambara and Segu Tukolor',IIANS, XIII (1980). Standard treatments of major states in the forest and adjacent West African forest inc1ude Ivor Wilks, Asante in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge University Press, 1975) 294 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY and Robin Law, The Oyo Empire, c.1600-1836 (Clarendon Press, 1977). On Yoruba culture see Frank Willett, Ife in the History of West African Art (McGraw-Hill, 1967). Raymond Dumett, 'Precolonial Mining and the State in the Akan Region' considers the Terray thesis empirically in George Dalton, ed., Research in Economic Anthropology (2), 1979. On West African states generally there is an interesting if technicist hypothesis in Jack Goody, Technology, Tradition and the State (Oxford University Press, 1971). The most vigorous debate about forest sodeties has centred on the state of Dahomey. Much of the discussion focusses on aperiod when the Atlantic slave trade is already of great significance, yet it is relevant to this chapter. See Melville Herskovits, Dahomey O.J. Augustin, 1938); Karl Polanyi, Dahomey and the Slave Trade (University of Washington Press, 1966); I. Akinjogbin, Dahomey and its Neighbours (Cambridge University Press, 1967); Honorat Aguessy, 'Le Dan-Horne de XIXe siede: etait-il une societe esdavagiste?', Revue fran~aise d'etudes politiques africaines, L (1970); Georg Elwert. Wirtschaft und Herrschaft von 'Daxome' (Dahomey) in 18. Jahrhundert, (Renner, Munich, 1973); Robin Law, 'Royal Monopoly and Private Enterprise in the Atlantic Trade: the Case of Dahomey', JAH, XVI (1975) and K. Moseley, 'The Political Economy of Dahomey' in George Dalton, ed., Research in Economic Anthropology (2), 1979. The same can be said of Robin Horton, 'From Fishing-Village to City-State: A Sodal History of New Calabar' in Mary Douglas and Phyllis Kaberry, eds., Man in Africa (Tavistock, 1969). The main lines of early Ethiopian history are traced in Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia 1270-1527 (Clarendon Press, 1972) and, for an earlier period yet, Yurii Kobishchanov, Axum (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1979). Greater balance on the region is the main strength of Donald Levine, Greater Ethiopia (University of Chicago Press, 1974). A feel for dass society in Ethiopia emerges from Richard Caulk, 'Armies as Predators: Soldiers and Peasants in Ethiopia, c. 1850-1935', IJAHS, XI (1978). Allen Hoben, Land Tenure among the Amhara of Ethiopia (University of Chicago Press, 1973), is a useful contemporary study of economic and social relations in the Ethiopian SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 295 highlands. R.S. O'Fahey and J.L. Spaulding, Kingdoms of the Sudan (Methuen, 1974), provide an introduction to Sennar and Dar Fur, states in the modem Sudan Republic. Jan Vansina, Kingdoms of the Savanna (University of Wisconsin Press, 1966), is an introduction to the southern savanna states. The most useful monographs on the history of this area include: Georges Balandier, Daily Life in the Kingdomof the Kongo (George Allen & Unwin, 1968); a W.G.L. Randles, L 'ancien royaume du Congo des origines la fin du X/Xe siecle (Mouton, 1968); Joseph Miller, Kings and Kinsmen (Clarendon Press, 1976); Andrew Roberts, History of the Bemba (Longman, 1973); Mutumba Mainga, Bulozi under the Luyana Kings (Longman, 1973) and Thomas Reefe, The Rainbow and the Kings; a History of the Luba Empire to 1891 (University of California Press, 1981). More penetrating than any of these is W.G. Clarence-Smith, 'Slaves, Commoners and Landlords in Bulozi, 1875-1906', JAH, XX (1979). For the states south of the Zambesi, the reader turns to D.N. Beach, The Shona and Zimbabwe, 900-1850 (Africana, 1980). The first essays in Shula Marks and Anthony Atmore, eds, Economy and Society in Pre-/ndustrial South Africa (Longman, 1980) consider pre-conquest South Africa. The standard history of the Mfecane, now badly in need of re interpretation, is J. Omer-Cooper, The Zulu Aftermath (Longman, 1965). For one Mfecane state, see J. Cobbing, 'Evolution of the Ndebele amabutho', JAH, XV (1974). One contributor to Marks and Atmore, Jeff Guy, has also considered Zulu society in a full-Iength book, The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom (Longman, 1979). For foraging and especially pastoral communities, Richard Elphick, Kraal and Castle (Yale University Press, 1977) is valuable. An early attempt to synthesise pre-colonial East African history is made in Gervase Matthewand Roland Oliver, eds, History of East Africa, I (Clarendon Press, 1963). Two continually cited studies of inter-Iacustrine states are Semakula Kiwanuka, A History of Buganda (Longman, 1971) and S.R. Karugire, History of Nkore in Western Uganda to 1891 (Clarendon, 1971). Other treatments of East African states are Steven Feierman, The Shambaa Kingdom (University of Wisconsin Press, 1974) and R.G. Willis, AState in the Making 296 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY (Indiana University Press, 1980). Rwanda has been assessed by many writers; some of the most interesting pages on it are to be fQund in a special issue of the Cahiers d'etudes africaines (henceforth CEA) XIV (1974). This indudes the dass analysis of Claudine Vidal, 'Economie de la societe feodalerwandaise'. Some of the more successful attempts to recreate the history of peoples without state institutions have been made in East Afriea. These indude B.A. Ogot's path-breaking History o[ the Southern Luo (East African Publishing House, henceforth EAPH, 1967); Godfrey Muriuki, History o[ the Kikuyu 1500-1900 (Oxford University Press, 1974) and John Lamphear, Traditional History o[ the Jie (Oxford University Press, 1976). Descriptions of early trade within eastem, southem and south-central Africa are to be found in Riehard Gray and David Birmingham, eds, Precolonial African Trade (Macmillan, 1970). Chapter 3 The slave trade has inspired a large literature, much of it coneemed with quantitative analysis only. Basil Davidson, Black Mother (Little, Brown, 1961) is a moving introduetion; a more reeent survey is M. Craton, Sinews o[ Empire (Double day Anchor Books, 1974). Philip Curtin has drawn an effee tive, short picture based on the history of the sugar industry in his ehapter in Ajayi and Crowder, History ofWest Africa, I, already cited; Walter Rodney provided a strong, "brief sum mary in a pamphlet published by the Historical Association of Tanzania in 1967 entitled West Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade. Curtin's slave-counting exercise, The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census (University of Wisconsin Press, 1969) is most valuable for its demonstration of the ebb and flow of the trade and the relative importance in it of different parts of Africa. More recent research is collected in, among other places, the special issue of the Revue franfiaise d 'histoire d'outre-mer, LXn (1975); Roger Anstey and P.E.H. Hair,eds, Liverpool, the African Slave Trade and Abolition (Historie Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 1976) andHenryGemery and Jan Hogendom, eds, The Uncommon Market, (Academic Press, 1979). SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 297 On chartered slave trade companies, see Abdoulaye Ly, La compagnie du Senegal (Presence Africaine, 1958) and K.G. Davies, The Royal African Company (Longman, 1957). Other aspects of the trade are discussed in Walter Rodney, 'Gold and Slaves on the Gold Coast', Transactions 0/ the Historical Society 0/ Ghana, X (1969) and Marion Johnson, 'The Ounce in Eighteenth Century West African Trade', JAH, VII (1966). The new American crops introduced during this period are surveyed in William O. Jones, Manz'oc in Africa (Stanford University Press, 1959) and Marvin Miracle, Maize in Tropical Africa (University of Wisconsin Press, 1966). Michael Mason, 'Population Density and "Slave Raiding" - the Case of the Middle Belt',JAH, X (1969) contains a strong argument on the demography of the slave trade era. A large and important literature on the slave trade, slavery and the rise of industrial capitalism was born with Eric Williams' classic, Capitalism and Slavery; this does not really belong to the sphere of African history, however. On the general impact of slaving in Africa see J .D. Fage, 'Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History', JAH, X (1969), the important rejoinder by C.C. Wrigley, 'Historicism in Africa: Slavery and Slave Formation', AA, LXX (1971) and Walter Rodney, 'African Slavery and other F orms of Social Oppression on the Upper Guinea Coast in the Context of the Atlantic Slave Trade',JAH, VII (1966). Standard histories of French involvement in the Senegambia are Andre Delcourt, La France et les etablissements francais au Senegal entre 1713 et 1763 (Institut Fran~ais de l'Afrique Noire, Memoire 17, 1952) and Leonce J ore, 'Les etablisse a ments francrais sur la co te occidentale d'Afrique 1758 1803', Revue fran~aise d'histoire d'outre-mer, LI (1964). The impact on African society receives attention in Philip Curtin, Econ omic Change in Pre-colonial A[rica and Boubacar Barry, Le royaume de Waalo, both cited for Chapter 2. The region between the Gambia and present-day Liberia is the subject of Walter Rodney, A History o[ the Upper Guinea Coast, 1545-1800 (Clarendon Press, 1970). For the Gold Coast, there is J ohn Vogt, Portuguese Rule on the Gold Coast (University of Georgia Press, 1979), Kwame Daaku, Trade and Politics on the Gold Coast, 1600-1720 (Clarendon Press, 1970) and Ray Kea, Settlements, Trade and Politics 298 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY in the Seventeenth-century Gold Coast Oohn Hopkins Press, 1982). Most of the books cited in the last chapter on the forest states of West Africa treat the slave trade. See as well: A.F.C. Ryder, Benin and the Europeans, 1485-1897 (Longman, 1969); James Graham, 'Slave Trade, Depopulation and Human Sacrifice in Benin History', CEA, V (1965); P. Morton-Williams, 'The Oyo Yoruba and the Atlantic Trade', IHSN, III (1964); Kwame Arhin, 'The Financing of Ashanti Expansion, 1700-1820', Africa, XXXVII (1967) and Pierre Verger, Trade Relations Between the Bight of Benin and Bahia 17th-19th Centuries, (Ibadan University Press, 1976). On the impact of the slave trade in the Niger delta, the most important work is contained in E.J. Alagoa, 'Long Distance Trade and States in the Niger Delta', IAH, XI (1970); David Northrup, 'The Growth of Trade among the Igbo Before 1800', IAH, XIII (1972) and A.J.H. Latham, Old Calabar, 1600-1891 (Clarendon Press, 1971). Angola is a neglected subject in English and French, but the main historical events are covered in David Birmingham, Trade and Conflict in Angola (Clarendon Press, 1966).Joseph Miller, 'Lineages, Ideology and the History of Slavery in Western Central Africa' in Paul Lovejoy, ed., Ideolog,:es of Slavery in Africa (Sage, 1982) is most suggestive. Standard histories of Kongo cited previously are by Georges Balandier and W.G.L. Randles. The work of revision and reinvestigation has begun with J ohn Thornton, 'Demography and History in the Kingdom of Kongo, 1550-1750',IAH, XVIII (1977). For the region north of the River Zaire, see Phyllis Martin, The External Trade of the Loango Coast, 1576-1870, (Clarendon Press, 1972). F or the Zambesi and the region to the north of it, the most important studies are: M.D.D. Newitt, Portuguese Settlement on the Zambesi (Longman, 1973); Allen Isaacman, Mozambique; the Africanization of a European Institution (University of Wisconsin Press, 1972) and Edward Alpers, Ivory and Slaves in East Central Africa (Heinemann, 1975). On South Africa under the Dutch the most recent research is recapitulated in Richard Elphick and Hermann Giliomee, eds, The Shaping of South African Society, 1652-1820 (Longman, Penguin, 1979). The question of race is assessed

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is raised in E.A. Alpers, 'Re- thinking African Economic History', KHR, I (1973) and See also Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa.
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