Seismic Structural Health Monitoring: From Theory to Successful Applications

446 Pages·2019·33.837 MB·English

by  Maria Pina Limongelli, Mehmet Çelebi

Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering
Maria Pina Limongelli
Mehmet Çelebi Editors
Seismic Structural
Health Monitoring
From Theory to Successful Applications
Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering
Series Editors
Giovanni Solari, Wind Engineering and Structural Dynamics Research Group,
University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
Sheng-Hong Chen, School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,
Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Marco di Prisco, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
Ioannis Vayas, Institute of Steel Structures, National Technical University of
Athens, Athens, Greece
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(cid:129) Construction and Structural Mechanics
(cid:129) Building Materials
(cid:129) Concrete, Steel and Timber Structures
(cid:129) Geotechnical Engineering
(cid:129) Earthquake Engineering
(cid:129) Coastal Engineering
(cid:129) Hydraulics, Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering
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(cid:129) Structural Health and Monitoring
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Maria Pina Limongelli
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Ç
Mehmet elebi
Editors
Seismic Structural Health
Monitoring
From Theory to Successful Applications
123
Editors
Maria PinaLimongelli Mehmet Çelebi
Department ofArchitecture UnitedStates Geological Survey
Built EnvironmentandConstruction Menlo Park, CA,USA
Engineering
Politecnico di Milano
Milan,Italy
ISSN 2366-259X ISSN 2366-2603 (electronic)
SpringerTracts inCivil Engineering
ISBN978-3-030-13975-9 ISBN978-3-030-13976-6 (eBook)
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Preface
Duringthelastthreedecades,SeismicStructuralHealthMonitoring(hereinS2HM)
has grown due to the needs of owners, managers, occupants and users as well as
great interestby both researchers and professionals. The maturityof thisimportant
disciplineisalsowellevidencedbythedevelopmentofsensingsystemsthat—when
deployed, configured and installed properly—enable retrieval of requisite data
during significant seismic events. Such data then are post-processed using damage
identificationalgorithms—implementedinstructure-specificconfiguredsoftware—
toassess serviceability, functionality and/or occupiability ofthe structure.
One of the main reasons for increased adoption of S2HM is that it is a superior
and significant alternative to other traditional observational and/or intrusive meth-
odswhicharecostly,time-consumingand,duetodependencyontheoperator,may
be subjective and thus associated with large uncertainties.
Several research efforts have been dedicated to these topics, as shown by the
ever-increasing number of related journal and conference publications. However,
thereisarequisiteneedintheliteratureforafocusedcollectionofworksdedicated
to S2HM.
The primary motivation for this book is to fill this gap by presenting a unified
state of the art on theoretical developments and successful applications of S2HM
around the world, compiled by leading researchers and academicians.
The volume is organized in four topical parts. Each part comprises several
chapters by authors experienced in different aspects of S2HM. Part I collects six
chapters devoted to the description of the specific requirements of S2HM systems
fordifferenttypesofcivilstructuresandinfrastructures(buildings,bridges,cultural
heritage, dams, structures with base isolation devices) and different phenomena to
monitor(e.g.soil–structureinteractionandexcessivedrift).Fourchapterscovering
themethodsandthecomputationaltoolsavailableforthedataprocessing—needed
to retrieve information about the structural health from the signalsprovided by the
sensornetwork—aregroupedinPartII.InPartIII,hardwareandsoftwaretoolsfor
v
vi Preface
S2HM are described in two chapters. Finally, in Part IV, five chapters report on
several state-of-the-art applications of S2HM around the world.
Thebookisaimedtobeusefultoresearchers,practicingengineersandstudents
and to benefit owners and managers from potential applications of S2HM in their
properties.
Milan, Italy Maria Pina Limongelli
Menlo Park, USA Mehmet Çelebi
Contents
Part I S2HM for Civil Structures
1 S2HM of Buildings in USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Mehmet Çelebi
1.1 Introduction and Rationale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Historical Background and Requisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Early Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 Brief Note on Other U.S. and Non-U.S. Developments
Since 2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2 Seismic Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges in British
Columbia, Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Yavuz Kaya and Carlos Ventura
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.2 BCSIMS Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3 Seismic Structural Health Monitoring of Cultural Heritage
Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Rosario Ceravolo, Giulia de Lucia, Erica Lenticchia
and Gaetano Miraglia
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2 The Role of Structural Health Monitoring in the Analysis
and Preservation of Architectural Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3 Examples of Vibration-Based Investigation of Architectural
Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.4 Periodic Dynamic Investigations in Post-earthquake
Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
vii
viii Contents
3.5 Continuous Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4 Seismic and Structural Health Monitoring of Dams
in Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Sérgio Oliveira and André Alegre
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2 Systems for Continuously Monitoring Vibrations
in Large Dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.3 Monitoring and Modelling the Dynamic Behavior
of Large Dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.4 Hardware and Software Components for Continuous
Monitoring Vibrations Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.5 The Need for Software Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.6 Numerical Modelling of Dam-Reservoir-Foundation
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.7 Cabril Dam Seismic and Structural Health Monitoring
System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.8 Measured Seismic Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.9 Baixo Sabor Dam SSHM System: Main Monitoring Results
Under Ambient Excitation and Seismic Loading. . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.10 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5 Monitored Seismic Behavior of Base Isolated Buildings
in Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
P. Clemente, G. Bongiovanni, G. Buffarini, F. Saitta and F. Scafati
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.2 Seismic Behavior of Isolation Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5.3 The New Jovine School in San Giuliano di Puglia . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.4 The Operative Centre of the Civil Protection Centre
at Foligno. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.5 The Forestry Building of the Civil Protection
Centre at Foligno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.6 Building with Single Curve Surface Sliders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.7 From Short Time to Real Time Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
6 Identification of Soil-Structure Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
S. Farid Ghahari, Fariba Abazarsa and Ertugrul Taciroglu
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.2 Identification of SSI Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Contents ix
6.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Part II Methods and Tools for Data Processing
7 Structural Health Monitoring: Real-Time Data Analysis
and Damage Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Yavuz Kaya and Erdal Safak
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.2 Real-Time SHM Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.3 Damage Detection Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
7.4 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
8 Model Updating Techniques for Structures Under Seismic
Excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Serdar Soyoz
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
8.2 Previous Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
8.3 Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
8.4 Case Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
8.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
9 Damage Localization Through Vibration Based S2HM:
A Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Maria Pina Limongelli
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
9.2 Damage Features Based on the Detection of Shape
Irregularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
9.3 Damage Localization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
9.4 Damage Indices and Thresholds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
9.5 Case Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
9.6 The UCLA Factor Building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
9.7 The 7th Storey Portion of Building at UCSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
9.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
10 Model–Based Methods of Damage Identification of Structures
Under Seismic Excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Guido De Roeck
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
10.2 Elimination of Environmental Influences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
10.3 Model-Based Damage Identification Based on Modal
Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241