Seismic Data Analysis Techniques in Hydrocarbon Exploration PDF
Preview Seismic Data Analysis Techniques in Hydrocarbon Exploration
SEISMIC DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES IN HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION SEISMIC DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES IN HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION E O NWENODE NAJITE ResearchGeophysicist, GraduateGeoscientistsTrainingConsultant, Email:[email protected] AMSTERDAM (cid:129) BOSTON (cid:129) HEIDELBERG (cid:129) LONDON (cid:129) NEW YORK (cid:129) OXFORD PARIS (cid:129) SAN DIEGO (cid:129) SAN FRANCISCO (cid:129) SYDNEY (cid:129) TOKYO Elsevier 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX51GB,UK Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,TheNetherlands Copyright#2014ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedin anyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRights DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone(þ44)(0)1865843830;fax(þ44)(0)1865853333;email: permissions@elsevier.com.Alternativelyyoucansubmityourrequestonlinebyvisitingthe Elsevierwebsiteathttp://elsevier.com/locate/permissions,andselectingObtaining permissiontouseElseviermaterial Notice Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsor propertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseor operationofanymethods,products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerialherein LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Onajite,Enwenode. Seismicdataanalysistechniquesinhydrocarbonexploration/EnwenodeOnajite. pagescm Includesindex. ISBN978-0-12-420023-4 1.Petroleum–Prospecting.2.Seismicprospecting.I.Title. TN271.P4O552013 0 622.1828–dc23 2013028150 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-420023-4 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteatstore.elsevier.com PrintedandboundintheUSA 13 14 15 16 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Acknowledgements Ifyouwanttowriteapracticalhandbook Emo Dayetuawei, Nigeria Association of onseismicdatathatwouldbereadbytensof Petroleum Explorationists, Port Harcourt thousandsorhopefullymillionsofgeoscien- Branch tists worldwide, it will definitely take an Emudianughe Juliet, a Geophysicist at entire team to achieve sucha fit. Federal University of Petroleum Resources Theinsightandclarityofthoughtgained, Effurun(FUPRE) whichenabledmetowriteandbuildthecon- IkechukwuNjoku,Geologists tents of this industry-oriented book, are not Prahlad Basak, Seismic Petrophysicist, just through my effort and knowledge but SPDC also through the wealth of experience and Preye Iditumi, Geologist, SPDC talents of highly skilled industry profes- Ukeko Onoriode, Petrophysicist, SPDC sionalsandresourcesofmanyorganizations Omodu Meshach,SPDC and institutions. Prince Nwogbo, Geophysicist, SPDC Myheartfeltgratitude goestothefollow- Khalid Amin Khan and GulraizAkhter ing industry professionals who personally Special thanks to my friends, Ibikunle guidemewiththeirexperiencesandknowl- Taylor and Joseph Uhrie, for theirsupport. edge: Dr. Rocco Detomo (Shell E&P, Texas, With deep love and heart full of thanks USA), Dr. James Edet (Total E&P, Nigeria) to my uncle, Samuel Enwenede, cousin, and Dr. Omu Ugborugbo (Shell E&P, Nige- AkpoyiboOvie,and Popo Enwenede. ria).Also,mysincereappreciationisextend- My appreciation goes to the following ing to the following individuals for their companies, professional bodies and institu- support and generouscontributions: tions for their materials, data, illustrations Alistar R. Brown, Bernard Eromosele, and photographs. I was privileged to study Schlumberger Nigeria and usefor thisresearch Dr. Adabanija Tunde, a Geologist at OlabisiOlabajo University (cid:129) AAPG Dr.DorothySatterfield,Geography,Earth (cid:129) arCIS SEISMIC SOLUTION and Environmental Sciences, University of (cid:129) British Petroleum Derby (FEHS) (cid:129) Choice Geophysical Dr.EtimD.Uko,aGeophysicistatRivers (cid:129) CGGVERITAS State University of Science and Technology, (cid:129) CSEG Port Harcourt,Nigeria (cid:129) Earthquake.usgs.gov Dr. Martin J. Whiteley, Barrisdale Lmt. (cid:129) ExxonMobilInternational Dr. Obiadi Izuchukwu Ignatius, a (cid:129) FairfieldNodal Geologist at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, (cid:129) FUGRO Awka, Nigeria (cid:129) GeoApexTec Inc. ix x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (cid:129) Geo-Energy Services (cid:129) UniversidadeFernando Pessoa, (cid:129) GeophysicalData System Porto,Portugal (cid:129) Geotrace (cid:129) WesternGeCo (cid:129) Halliburton (cid:129) WorldOil Online Magazine (cid:129) Institute of Petroleum Geosciences Studies,University of Port With special thanks to the below for their Harcourt, Nigeria helpineditingandreviewingthemanuscript: (cid:129) InternationalHuman Resource Prof.John O. Etu-Efeotor DevelopmentCorporation Director, Centrefor PetroleumGeosciences (cid:129) Journal of the Geophysics Society Institute of Petroleum Studies (cid:129) KansasGeophysical Survey University of PortHarcourt (cid:129) Land Ocean EnergyServices Co., Ltd. Rivers State, Nigeria (cid:129) Nigeria Associationof Petroleum Explorationists(NAPE) Dr. James Edet (cid:129) Oil &Gas Journal Exploration Geoscientist (cid:129) Paradigm Total E&P Nigeria limited (cid:129) Petroleum Seismology Network (cid:129) PGS Geophysical Dr. RoccoDetomo Jr (cid:129) Pemex-SeaBed Geophysical Reservoir Geophysicist (cid:129) Quality Seismic Services Shell International Exploration and Produc- (cid:129) ReservoirGeophysicsandGeophysics tion Inc. Group, LinKedIn Houston, Texas (cid:129) Seismic Atlas of the Southeast Asian Dr. OmuUgborugbo Basin Geophysicist (cid:129) Seismic Processing Network,LinKedIn Shell Petroleum Development Company of (cid:129) Schlumberger Nigeria Limited (cid:129) Shell International (cid:129) Society ofExploration Above all, I thank God, my Lord and Geophysicists (SEG) savior Jesus Christ and the sweet Holy (cid:129) The Oil and Gas Exploration Spirit for granting me the wisdom, grace Network, LinKedIn and intelligence, all through this book (cid:129) Oil and Gas UK research. Foreword Fromtheprimitiveforkedwoodsearchby and gas exploration. The organization of blindfoldednativestothemoderngeophys- the chapters is sequential. Part 1 deals with ical and geological methods, the art of basic geology and seismic data acquisition searchingforhydrocarbonshascomealong in a simplified way. Part 2 discusses the way.Thisbook‘SeismicDataAnalysisTech- detailed practical steps use in processing niquesinHydrocarbonExploration’isasyn- seismic data, while the final part deals thesis of concepts used in the industry to with seismic data interpretation. This book, analyseseismicdata.Itisquiteauniquebook therefore, guides the reader from the rudi- on seismic data analysisbecause it ishighly mentary to the expert stages of seismic practical and focuses on the industry. It is data analysis techniques in hydrocarbon an extensive industry research on seismic exploration. This book is easy to read and data by a young geophysicist who has been understood by all classes of hydrocarbon exposedtopracticesintheoilandgasindus- searchers. try. This book explains key concepts and I strongly recommend it to all lovers principles in a simplified way that would of geosciences. enhancetheunderstandingofgraduategeo- scientistsandpractitioners.Mostoftheinfor- mation contained in this book are what a graduate geoscientist requires to work suc- ProfessorJohn O.Etu-Efeotor cessfullyin the oilandgas industry. Director,Centre for PetroleumGeosciences I am pleased to recommend this well- Instituteof PetroleumStudies researchedbooktoallgraduategeoscientists, University of Port Harcourt,RiversState, teachers and practitioners in the field of oil Nigeria xi Introduction Seismic data have become an important The practical handbook is divided into tool for development of oil and gas field as threechapters:Part1explainshowsedimen- well as for monitoring oil and/or gas pro- tary basin is formed, oil and gas formation, duction and not just as an exploration tool. oil and gas traps, application of seismic Because of the importance of seismic data technology to locate oil and gas traps, how totheoilandgasindustry,graduategeosci- seismic data are acquired, the difference entistsneedtohaveaclearunderstandingof between2Dand3Dseismicdata,4Dseismic seismic data. streamer surveysand OBN survey. Good understanding of the increased Part2explainsthedetailedpracticalsteps role of seismic technology in oil and gas used to extract the geological section of the exploration will enhance the employability earth from the acquired seismic field data. of fresh geosciences graduates and make Part 3 explains seismic interpretation skills themfunctionmoreeffectivelyandintegrate and key fundamental concepts that will aid faster when working within an integrated thereaders’understandingonhowtopredict geosciences team. hydrocarbondirectlyfromseismicdata. The aim of this practical handbook is The concepts of the book are illustrated to explain the fundamental concepts and usingseismicsections,welldataandphoto- the detailed practical steps that are needed graphs to enhance the readers’ understand- to understand and interpret seismic data ing of seismic data. that would enhance the employability of It is my sincere hope that this practical graduate geoscientists into the oil and bookwillmeettheneedsofgraduategeosci- gas industry. entistsworldwidewhoareinterestedinwork- This book ‘Seismic Data analysis Tech- ing in the oil and gas industry, as well as niques in Hydrocarbon Exploration’ was refreshesthemindofindustryprofessionals. developed from an idea conceived while working as a postgraduate researcher with THINGS TO LEARN Shell, Nigeria. I wanted to understand seis- WHEN YOU READ mic sections and I was convinced that there ‘THE PRACTICAL arefundamentalconcepts,inwhich,ifIhave HANDBOOK’ aclearthoughtonwillaidmyunderstanding ofseismicdataandhowtointerpretseismic data. With this idea, I engaged in an exten- (cid:129) Graduategeoscientists willget to sive industry researched for about 3 years understand how seismicdata are and seek the guidance of highly experience acquiredandkeyfundamentalprinciples geosciences professionals to write this andconcepts that are applied in practicalbook. seismic exploration. xiii xiv INTRODUCTION (cid:129) Graduategeoscientistswillgetto (cid:129) Graduategeoscientists will get to understandthedetailedstep-by-step understand DHIsuch as ‘bright spot’, processingtechniquesusedtoconvertthe ‘flat spot’,‘polarity reversal’ and acquiredseismicdataintothegeologic ‘dim spot’, andhowto interpret sectionoftheearth. them onseismicsection. (cid:129) Graduategeoscientists will get to (cid:129) Reservoirengineers will get to understand true amplitude (AVO) understand and learn how wrong processing techniques. seismic velocity could affect (cid:129) Graduategeoscientists will get to wrongestimation of hydrocarbon understand geologic structures on reserve (STOIP)in the subsurface. seismicsections andwhy notto drilla (cid:129) Geoscientist/petroleumengineers buried-focus anticline. will get to understand 4D(3D-time (cid:129) Graduategeoscientists will get to learn lapse) seismic survey,its limitations important seismic interpretation skills. and theuse of OBN technology for (cid:129) Graduategeoscientists will learnin reservoir monitoring and practicaltermshowtointerpretfaultand managementas well as to optimize do structural and horizoninterpretation. static and dynamic models ofcomplex (cid:129) Graduategeoscientists will learnhow to reservoirs. generategeological map andunderstand time-to-depth conversion technique. And much more about seismicdata! C H A P T E R 1 Sedimentation and Oil/Gas Formation O U T L I N E Geologic Timescale oftheEarth 3 SedimentaryRock 7 BasinFormation 4 Oil and Gas Formation 8 Rock Types 6 Oil and Gas Traps 10 Igneous Rock 7 Type of Traps 10 Metamorphic Rock 7 GEOLOGIC TIMESCALE OF THE EARTH Figure1.1canbeusedtorepresentthegeologicalperiodoftheearthovertime.Thegeology time of the earth’s past has been organized into various units according to events which tookplaceineachperiod.ThemajordivisionsofthegeologictimescalearecalledEons.Eons aredividedintoeras,whichareinturndividedintoperiods,epochsandages.Theerasofthe geologictimescalefromoldesttoyoungestarePrecambrian,Paleozoic,MesozoicandCenozoic. Note that an era is a subdivision of geologic time that is longer than a period but shorter thaneon. Factsfromradiometricdatingindicatethattheearthisabout4.5billionyearsold.Theera between this date and the time that larger life forms first appeared in the fossil record is referred to as thePrecambrian. There was life duringthe Precambrian. Approximately600millionyearsagoduringthePALEOZOICera,lifeformssuchasshell- fishstartedtodevelop;about250millionyearslaterlifewasfoundonlandduringtheCar- boniferous and Permian period. TheMESOZOICeraincludestheTriassic,theJurassicandtheCretaceous.Theappearance of dinosaurs marked the beginning of the MESOZOIC era, which is dated as 225million years ago. SeismicDataAnalysisTechniquesinHydrocarbonExploration 3 #2014ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-420023-4.00001-0 4 1.SEDIMENTATIONANDOIL/GASFORMATION FIGURE 1.1 Major division of geological time of the earth. Source: ExploreMontanaGeology. Mammals are characteristic of the youngest era, the CENOZOIC, which started some 65millionyearsagowhenthefirstgrazingandCarnivorousmammalsappearedinaperiod known as the Tertiary. The Tertiary periods are Pliocene, Miocene, Oligocene, Eocene and Paleocene. These five Tertiary periods make up theCENOZOIC era. BASIN FORMATION Sedimentarybasinsareformedoverhundredsofmillionsofyearsbythecombinedaction of deposition of eroded material and precipitation of chemicals and organic debris within water environment (Figure 1.2). FIGURE 1.2 Conceptualized basin Clay formation. Shale Sand Shale I. BASICSEDIMENTOLOGYANDSEISMICDATAACQUISITION
Description:The list of books you might like
