Seen, Heard and Counted: Rethinking Care in a Development Context

269 Pages·2012·1.465 MB·English

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Seen, Heard and Counted
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DevelopmentandChangeBookSeries
Asajournal,DevelopmentandChangedistinguishesitselfbyits
multidisciplinaryapproachanditsbreadthofcoverage,publishingarticlesona
widespectrumofdevelopmentissues.Accommodatingadeeperanalysisanda
moreconcentratedfocus,italsopublishesregularspecialissuesonselected
themes.DevelopmentandChangeandWiley-Blackwellcollaboratetoproduce
thesethemeissuesasaseriesofbooks,withtheaimofbringingthesepertinent
resourcestoawideraudience.
Titlesintheseriesinclude:
Seen,HeardandCounted:RethinkingCareinaDevelopmentContext
EditedbyShahraRazavi
NegotiatingStatehood:DynamicsofPowerandDominationinAfrica
EditedbyTobiasHagmannandDidierPe´clard
ThePoliticsofPossession:Property,Authority,andAccesstoNatural
Resources
EditedbyThomasSikorandChristianLund
GenderMythsandFeministFables:TheStruggleforInterpretivePowerin
GenderandDevelopment
EditedbyAndreaCornwall,ElizabethHarrisonandAnnWhitehead
TwilightInstitutions:PublicAuthorityandLocalPoliticsinAfrica
EditedbyChristianLund
China’sLimitstoGrowth:GreeningStateandSociety
EditedbyPeterHoandEduardB.Vermeer
CatalysingDevelopment?ADebateonAid
JanPronketal.
StateFailure,CollapseandReconstruction
EditedbyJenniferMilliken
Forests:Nature,People,Power
EditedbyMartinDoornbos,AshwaniSaithandBenWhite
GenderedPovertyandWell-being
EditedbyShahraRazavi
GlobalizationandIdentity
EditedbyBirgitMeyerandPeterGeschiere
SocialFutures,GlobalVisions
EditedbyCynthiaHewittdeAlcantara
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Seen, Heard and Counted
Rethinking Care in a Development Context
Edited by
Shahra Razavi
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
TheUnitedNationsResearchInstituteforSocialDevelopment(UNRISD)wasestablished
in1963tocreateanindependent,autonomousspacewithintheUnitedNationssystemfor
policy-relevantresearchanddialogueonimportantsocialissues.TheUNRISDmissionisto
generateknowledgeandarticulatepolicyalternativesoncontemporarysocialdevelopment
challenges and processes. Through its multidisciplinary research in collaboration with
partnersthroughouttheworld,eventsandpublications,theInstituteworksinsupportof
policiesandpracticesthatreducepovertyandinequality,advancewell-beingandrights,
andcreatemoredemocraticandjustsocieties.
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2012
OriginallypublishedasVolume42,Issue4ofDevelopmentandChange
Chapters©2012byTheInstituteofSocialStudiesandUNRISD
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Seen,heardandcounted:rethinkingcareinadevelopmentcontext/editedbyShahraRazavi.
p.cm.
Includesindex.
“OriginallypublishedasVolume42,Issue4ofDevelopmentandChange.”
ISBN978-1-4443-6153-7(pbk.)
1. Work and family–Developing countries. 2. Child care–Developing countries. 3. Working mothers–
Developingcountries. 4.Caregivers–Developingcountries. 5.Sexualdivisionoflabor–Developingcountries.
6.Familypolicy–Developingcountries. 7.Developingcountries–Socialpolicy. I.Razavi,Shahra.
HD4904.25.S442012
362.709172(cid:1)4–dc23
2011047243
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Setin10.75/12ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India
Printedin[Country]
1 2012
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Contents
NotesonContributors vii
1 RethinkingCareinaDevelopmentContext:AnIntroduction 1
ShahraRazavi
2 TheGood,theBadandtheConfusing:ThePoliticalEconomy
ofSocialCareExpansioninSouthKorea 31
ItoPeng
3 SouthAfrica:ALegacyofFamilyDisruption 51
DebbieBudlenderandFrancieLund
4 HarshChoices:ChineseWomen’sPaidWorkandUnpaid
CareResponsibilitiesunderEconomicReform 73
SarahCookandXiao-yuanDong
5 AWideningGap?ThePoliticalandSocialOrganization
ofChildcareinArgentina 93
EleonorFaur
6 WhoCaresinNicaragua?ACareRegimeinanExclusionary
SocialPolicyContext 121
JulianaMart´ınezFranzoniandKoenVoorend
7 APerfectStorm?Welfare,Care,GenderandGenerations
inUruguay 149
FernandoFilgueira,MagdalenaGutie´rrezandJorgePapado´pulos
8 StratifiedFamilialism:TheCareRegimeinIndiathroughthe
LensofChildcare 175
RajniPalriwalaandNeethaN.
9 PuttingTwoandTwoTogether?EarlyChildhoodEducation,
Mothers’EmploymentandCareServiceExpansioninChile
andMexico 205
SilkeStaabandRobertoGerhard
10 GoingGlobal:TheTransnationalizationofCare 233
NicolaYeates
Index 255
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NotesonContributors
DebbieBudlender([email protected])isaspecialistresearcher
withtheCommunityAgencyforSocialEnquiry(CASE),aSouthAfrican
non-governmentalorganizationworkingintheareaofsocialpolicyresearch.
ShehasworkedforCASEsince1988.
Sarah Cook ([email protected]) is the Director of the United Nations Re-
searchInstituteforSocialDevelopment(UNRISD),PalaisdesNations1211,
Geneva 10, Switzerland. She was previously a Fellow at the Institute of
DevelopmentStudiesattheUniversityofSussex.Shehaspublishedexten-
sivelyonChina’ssocialandeconomicdevelopmentandonsocialprotection
in Asia. As Programme Officer for the Ford Foundation in Beijing (2000–
2005) she supported the development of a gender and economics training
programmeandnetworkinChina.
Xiao-yuanDong([email protected])isProfessorofEconomicsatthe
University of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Adjunct Professor at the Na-
tional School of Development, Peking University, and Co-director of the
Chinese Women’s Economic Research and Training Programme. She has
publishedextensivelyonChina’seconomictransitionanddevelopmentand
gender/womenissues.Hercurrentresearchinterestistimeuseandthecare
economy. She is an associate editor of Feminist Economics and has served
ontheboardoftheInternationalAssociationforFeministEconomicssince
2007.
MartinDoornbosisEmeritusProfessorofPoliticalScienceattheInstitute
of Social Studies, PO Box 29776, 2502 LT The Hague, The Netherlands
(e-mail: [email protected]) and Visiting Professor of Development Studies
at Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda. He has done
extensive research on state–society relations and the politics of resource
allocation in Eastern Africa (mainly Uganda and the Horn) and in India,
and is currently working on encounters between research and politics in
the development arena. His most recent book is Global Forces and State
Restructuring:DynamicsofStateFormationandCollapse(Palgrave,2006)
andhisforthcomingbook(withWimvanBinsbergen)isentitledResearching
PowerandIdentityinAfricanStateFormation:ComparativePerspectives.
Eleonor Faur ([email protected]) works with the United Nations Pop-
ulation Fund as Assistant Representative for Argentina, and teaches in the
DoctoralProgrammeatUNGS-IDES.Shehasbeeninvolvedinprogramme
coordinationongenderandhumanrightsininternationalagencies,andhas
publishedseveralarticlesandbooksinLatinAmerica.Hercurrentresearch
focusesonchildcare,genderandsocialpolicy.
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viii NotesonContributors
Fernando Filgueira studied Sociology at the Universidad de la Repu´blica
(Uruguay)andatNorthwesternUniversity(USA).HeiscurrentlyAssistant
RepresentativefortheUnitedNationsPopulationFundinUruguay.Hecan
becontactedate-mail:ffi[email protected].
Till Fo¨rster is director of the Centre for African Studies and profes-
sor of social anthropology (chair) at the University of Basel (email:
[email protected]). He has conducted long-term research on politi-
caltransformationsinAfrica,inparticularinCoˆted’IvoireandCameroon,
andiscurrentlystudyingtheinteractionoflocal,stateandrebelgovernance
in northern Coˆte d’Ivoire. He is co-editor of Non-State Actors as Standard
Setters(CambridgeUniversityPress,2009).
JulianaMart´ınezFranzoniisassociateprofessorattheInstituteofSocial
Research,UniversityofCostaRica(ApartadoPostal49–2060,CiudadUni-
versitaria‘RodrigoFacio’,UniversityofCostaRica,SanJose´,CostaRica;
e-mail: [email protected]). Her research focuses on social policy
formation and inequality in Latin America. Her most recent publications
include ‘Welfare Regimes in Latin America: Capturing Constellations of
Markets,FamiliesandPolicies’,LatinAmericanPoliticsandSociety(2008);
LatinAmericanCapitalism:EconomicandSocialPolicyinTransition,aspe-
cialissueofEconomyandSocietyeditedwithDiegoSa´nchez-Ancocheaand
MaxineMolyneux(2009);and‘AreCoalitionsEquallyCrucialforRedistri-
butioninLatinAmerica?TheInterveningRoleofWelfareRegimesinChile,
CostaRicaandElSalvador’,SocialPolicyandAdministration(2009),with
KoenVoorend.
Roberto Gerhard studied Political Science and International Relations at
theCenterforResearchandTeachinginEconomics(CIDE),Mexico,where
he currently works as a Research Assistant for the Department of Public
Administration. His main research interest is in child-oriented policies. He
haspublishedabookchapterontheprovisionofpublicchildcareservicesin
Mexicoandiscurrentlyplanningtodevelopanindextomeasurethequality
of care, as well as a longitudinal study on the impact of different types of
careonchildreninMexico.
MagdalenaGutie´rrezstudiedSociologyattheUniversidaddelaRepu´blica
(Uruguay) and Hispanic Studies at the University of Illinois at Chicago
(USA). She is currently a technical advisor on information systems and
labourpoliciesfortheMinistryofLabourofUruguay.
Tobias Hagmann is a visiting scholar at the Department of Political
Science, University of California, Berkeley and an associated researcher
at the Department of Geography, University of Zu¨rich (email: tobias.
[email protected]).Hehasresearchedresourceconflicts,localandstate
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NotesonContributors ix
politics in the Ethio-Somali borderlands and maintains a strong interest in
the political sociology of the state, critical conflict research and develop-
mentstudies.Heistheco-editor(withKjetilTronvoll)ofContestedPower:
TraditionalAuthoritiesandMulti-partyElectionsinEthiopia(forthcoming).
Asnake Kefale is assistant professor at the Department of Political
Science and International Relations, Addis Ababa University (email:
[email protected]). He has done extensive research and published
onissuesoffederalism,conflict,governanceandcivilsocietyinEthiopia.
Francie Lund ([email protected]) is the director of the Social Protection
ProgrammeofWIEGO(WomeninInformalEmployment:Globalizingand
Organizing),andisaSeniorResearchAssociateattheSchoolofDevelop-
mentStudies,UniversityofKwaZulu-Natal,Durban.
LalliMetsolaisaresearcherattheInstituteofDevelopmentStudies,Univer-
sity of Helsinki, Finland (email: [email protected].fi). For his PhD,
hehasresearchedandpublishedonstateformation,citizenshipandpolitical
subjectivity in Namibia through the case of ex-combatant ‘reintegration’.
Recently,hehasalsodoneresearchonpolicing,violenceandtheruleoflaw
inNamibia.
Neetha N. is a Senior Fellow at the Centre for Women’s Develop-
ment Studies. She has worked as Associate Fellow and Coordinator,
Centre for Gender and Labour at the V.V. Giri National Labour Insti-
tute, NOIDA. Her current research interests are women’s employment,
care work and migration. She can be contacted at CWDS, 25 Bhai Vir
SinghMarg,Delhi-110001,India;e-mail:[email protected];neethapillai
@gmail.com
Rajni Palriwala is currently Professor of Sociology at the University of
Delhi.Herresearchfallswithinthebroadareaofgenderrelations,covering
kinshipandmarriage,dowry,womenandwork,care,women’smovements
andfeministpolitics,andmethodology.HerpublicationsincludeCare,cul-
ture and citizenship: Revisiting the politics of welfare in the Netherlands
(withC.RisseeuwandK.Ganesh,HetSpinhuis,2005).Shecanbecontacted
attheDepartmentofSociology,DelhiSchoolofEconomics,Universityof
Delhi,Delhi-110007,India;e-mail:[email protected]
Didier Pe´clard is senior researcher at the Swiss Peace Foundation (swis-
speace) in Bern and lecturer in political science at the University of Basel
(email: [email protected]). He has worked and published ex-
tensively on Christian missions and nationalism as well as on the politics
of peace and transition in Angola. As a fellow of the Swiss National Cen-
tre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North–South, his current main
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x NotesonContributors
research focus is on the dynamics of statehood in societies after violent
conflicts.
Jorge Papado´pulos studied Sociology at CIESU (Uruguay) and Political
Science at Pittsburgh University (USA). He was a Director at the Social
Security Bank in Uruguay (BPS) and is senior researcher at the Centre for
StudiesandInformationinUruguay(CIESU).
Ito Peng is a Professor at the Department of Sociology and the School
of Public Policy and Governance, University of Toronto, Canada (e-mail:
[email protected]).Sheteachesandresearchesinareasofpolitical
sociology,comparativewelfarestates,genderandsocialpolicyandspecial-
izesinthepoliticaleconomyofEastAsia.Hercurrentresearchincludesan
UNRISD-sponsoredresearchprojectonthepoliticalandsocialeconomyof
care;ajointresearchprojectwiththeGlobalCentreofExcellenceatUniver-
sityofKyotoonchangingpublicandintimatespheresinAsia,inwhichshe
looksatsocialandeconomicpolicychangesandcareandlabourmigration
in Asia; and a Canadian Social Science and Humanities Research Council
fundedresearchprojectonsocialinvestmentpoliciesinCanada,Australia,
JapanandKorea.
Shahra Razavi is Senior Researcher at the United Nations Research Insti-
tute for Social Development (UNRISD), Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva
10,Switzerland;[email protected]
mensionsofsocialdevelopment,withaparticularfocusonlivelihoodsand
socialpolicy.HerrecentpublicationsincludeTheGenderedImpactsofLib-
eralization: Towards ‘Embedded Liberalism’? (Routledge, 2009), Workers
in the Care Economy, edited with Silke Staab (International Labour Re-
view,2010),andTheUnhappyMarriageofReligionandPolitics:Problems
and Pitfalls for Gender Equality, edited with Anne Jenichen (Third World
Quarterly,2010).
TimothyRaeymaekersislecturerofPoliticalGeographyattheUniversity
of Zu¨rich ([email protected]). He has done extensive re-
searchoncross-bordertradeandlocalpoliticsineasternDemocraticRepub-
licofCongo.Amongstothers,heiscurrentlyworkingonabookmanuscript
about cross-border trade in the borderland of Congo-Uganda based on his
PhDthesis.
MarleenRendersisapost-doctoralresearchassociateattheHumanRights
Centre,GhentUniversity(email:[email protected]).Shecurrently
works in Kenya’s Coastal Province, investigating women’s human rights
in contexts of legal pluralism involving customary and Islamic law. She
conducted her PhD fieldwork in Somaliland in 2002/2003 and was a re-
searchfellowattheAcademyforPeaceandDevelopment,alocaldialogue
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NotesonContributors xi
NGO carrying out participatory action research, in Hargeisa. Her work on
SomalilandisshortlytobepublishedbyBrill(Leiden).
IngeRuigrokisaconsultantfortheEuropeanCommissionandanassociate
researcher at the Centro de Estudos Africanos (CEA/ISCTE) in Lisbon
(email:[email protected]).SheholdsaPhDinPoliticalAnthropology
and an MSc degree in International Relations. Her doctorate research was
on governance, culture and political change in post-war Angola, with a
special focus on the redefinition and negotiation of central-local relations.
ShepreviouslyworkedasajournalistinEuropeandSouthernAfrica.
Anita Schroven is a researcher at Max Planck Institute for Social Anthro-
pology,Halle/Saale,andtheCenterforInterdisciplinaryStudies,University
of Bielefeld Germany (email: [email protected]). She has conducted
extensive research on state, governance, decentralization and oral tradition
in Guinea as well as on gender and post-war societies in Sierra Leone and
Liberia.SheisauthorofthebookWomenafterWar(LITVerlag,2006).
SilkeStaabiscurrentlypursuinganMPhil/PhDatthePoliticsDepartment,
University of Sheffield (Department of Politics, University of Sheffield,
Northumberland Road, S10 2TU, UK; e-mail: s.staab@sheffield.ac.uk).
Her research project examines patterns of continuity and change in Latin
American social policy from a gender perspective, seeking to assess how
far recent social policy reforms represent a shift away from the tenets of
‘high-tide’ neoliberalism, as well as the implications of this shift for gen-
deredrightsandresponsibilities.Overthepastsixyears,shehasworkedfor
different UN agencies and NGOs on issues related to gender, care, social
policyandmigration.
JasonSumichisaresearchfellowfortheSARChIChaironSocialChange,
University of Fort Hare, 4 Hill Street, East London, 5201, South Africa
(email: [email protected]). His main areas of interest concern
nationalism,urbanethnography,themiddleclass,socialclassformationand
socialstratificationinMozambique.Heiscurrentlyresearchingnationalism,
IslamandIndianOceantradenetworksinMozambiqueandIndia.
Ulf Terlinden is a research associate at the Institute for Development
and Peace (INEF) at the University of Duisburg-Essen (email: contact@
ulfterlinden.de).HehasbeenaresidentpoliticalanalystinSomalilandsince
mid-2005 and his main research interest revolves around governance and
post-conflictpeacebuildingintheHornofAfrica.Hehasworkedasresearch
fellowandcapacitybuilderwiththeAcademyforPeaceandDevelopment,a
localdialogueNGOcarryingoutparticipatoryactionresearch,inHargeisa.