Table Of Content

ttaatt7788119944__ffmm__ii--xxvvii..iinndddd PPaaggee iivv 1122//11//1100 77::2211 PPMM uusseerr--ff446699 //VVoolluummee//220011//MMHHDDQQ223333//ttaatt7788119944__ddiisskk11ooff11//00007733337788119944//ttaatt7788119944__ppaaggeeffiillees This page intentionally left blank ttaatt7788119944__ffmm__ii--xxvvii..iinndddd PPaaggee iivv 1122//11//1100 77::2211 PPMM uusseerr--ff446699 //VVoolluummee//220011//MMHHDDQQ223333//ttaatt7788119944__ddiisskk11ooff11//00007733337788119944//ttaatt7788119944__ppaaggeeffiillees This page intentionally left blank ttaatt7788119944__ffmm__ii--xxvvii..iinndddd PPaaggee ii 1122//11//1100 77::2211 PPMM uusseerr--ff446699 //VVoolluummee//220011//MMHHDDQQ223333//ttaatt7788119944__ddiisskk11ooff11//00007733337788119944//ttaatt7788119944__ppaaggeeffiillees S E E L E Y ' S Principles of Anatomy & Physiology S E C O N D E D I T I O N Philip Tate Phoenix College TM ttaatt7788119944__ffmm__ii--xxvvii..iinndddd PPaaggee iiii 1122//11//1100 77::2211 PPMM uusseerr--ff446699 //VVoolluummee//220011//MMHHDDQQ223333//ttaatt7788119944__ddiisskk11ooff11//00007733337788119944//ttaatt7788119944__ppaaggeeffiillees TM SEELEY’S PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY, SECOND EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of Th e McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2012 by Th e McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous edition © 2009. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of Th e McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. Th is book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QDB/QDB 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 978–0–07–337819–0 MHID 0–07–337819–4 Vice President, Editor-in-Chief: Marty Lange Vice President, EDP: Kimberly Meriwether David Vice-President New Product Launches: Michael Lange Executive Editor: James F. Connely Developmental Editor: Ashley Zellmer Marketing Manager: Denise M. Massar Senior Project Manager: Jayne L. Klein Senior Buyer: Laura Fuller Lead Media Project Manager: Stacy A. Vath Designer: Tara McDermott Cover Designer: Elise Lansdon Cover Image: © Getty Images/David Sacks Senior Photo Research Coordinator: John C. Leland Photo Research: Jerry Marshall/pictureresearching.com Compositor: Aptara, Inc. Typeface: 10/12 Adobe Garamond Pro Printer: Quad/Graphics All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tate, Philip. Seeley’s principles of anatomy & physiology / Phillip Tate. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978–0–07–337819–0 — ISBN 0–07–337819–4 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Human physiology. 2. Human anatomy. I. Title. II. Title: Seeley’s principles of anatomy and physiology. QP34.5.T378 2012 612--dc22 2010033996 www.mhhe.com ttaatt7788119944__ffmm__ii--xxvvii..iinndddd PPaaggee iiiiii 1122//11//1100 77::2211 PPMM uusseerr--ff446699 //VVoolluummee//220011//MMHHDDQQ223333//ttaatt7788119944__ddiisskk11ooff11//00007733337788119944//ttaatt7788119944__ppaaggeeffiillees Brief Contents 1 23 The Human Organism 1 Urinary System and Body Fluids 721 2 24 The Chemical Basis of Life 21 Reproductive System 769 3 25 Cell Structures and Their Functions 45 Development and Genetics 808 4 Tissues, Glands, and Membranes 77 Appendices 5 Integumentary System 106 A 6 Periodic Table of the Elements A-1 Histology and Physiology of Bones 125 B Scientiﬁ c Notation A-2 7 Anatomy of Bones and Joints 149 C Solution Concentrations A-3 8 Histology and Physiology of Muscles 197 D pH A-4 9 E Gross Anatomy and Functions of Skeletal Answers to Review and Comprehension Muscles 229 Questions A-5 10 F Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue 267 Answers to Critical Thinking Questions A-6 11 G Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems 299 Answers to Predict Questions A-18 12 Integration of Nervous System Functions 343 Glossary G-1 13 The Special Senses 369 Credits C-1 14 Index Autonomic Nervous System 407 I-1 15 Endocrine System 425 16 Blood 466 17 The Heart 490 18 Blood Vessels and Circulation 522 19 Lymphatic System and Immunity 569 20 Respiratory System 606 21 Digestive System 644 22 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Regulation 689 iii ttaatt7788119944__ffmm__ii--xxvvii..iinndddd PPaaggee iivv 1122//11//1100 77::2211 PPMM uusseerr--ff446699 //VVoolluummee//220011//MMHHDDQQ223333//ttaatt7788119944__ddiisskk11ooff11//00007733337788119944//ttaatt7788119944__ppaaggeeffiillees This page intentionally left blank ttaatt7788119944__ffmm__ii--xxvvii..iinndddd PPaaggee vv 1122//11//1100 77::2211 PPMM uusseerr--ff446699 //VVoolluummee//220011//MMHHDDQQ223333//ttaatt7788119944__ddiisskk11ooff11//00007733337788119944//ttaatt7788119944__ppaaggeeffiillees CCoonntteennttss vv Contents About the Author viii 4.3 Epithelial Tissue 78 7 Preface viii CHAPTER 4.4 Connective Tissue 86 1 Anatomy of Bones and Joints 4.5 Muscle Tissue 93 CHAPTER 4.6 Nervous Tissue 95 7.1 General Considerations of The Human Organism 4.7 Membranes 96 Bones 150 1.1 Anatomy and Physiology 2 4.8 Infl ammation 96 7.2 Axial Skeleton 150 1.2 Structural and Functional 4.9 Tissue Renewal and 7.3 Appendicular Skeleton 167 Organization 2 Repair 97 7.4 Joints 177 1.3 Characteristics of Life 7 4.10 Tissues and Aging 102 7.5 Types of Movement 183 1.4 Homeostasis 7 5 7.6 Description of Selected 1.5 Terminology and the Body CHAPTER Joints 186 Plan 11 Integumentary System 7.7 Eff ects of Aging on the Joints 191 2 8 5.1 Functions of the Integumentary CHAPTER CHAPTER System 107 The Chemical Basis of Life Histology and Physiology 5.2 Skin 107 of Muscles 2.1 Basic Chemistry 22 5.3 Subcutaneous Tissue 113 2.2 Chemical Reactions 27 5.4 Accessory Skin Structures 113 8.1 Functions of the Muscular 2.3 Acids and Bases 31 5.5 Summary of Integumentary System 198 2.4 Inorganic Chemistry 33 System Functions 117 8.2 Properties and Types of 2.5 Organic Chemistry 33 5.6 The Integumentary System as a Muscle 198 Diagnostic Aid 119 8.3 Skeletal Muscle Structure 199 3 CHAPTER 5.7 Skin Cancer 119 8.4 Sliding Filament Model 202 Cell Structures and 5.8 Eff ects of Aging on the 8.5 Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Their Functions Integumentary System 120 Fibers 204 6 8.6 Physiology of Skeletal Muscle 211 3.1 Cell Organization and CHAPTER 8.7 Types of Skeletal Muscle Functions 46 Histology and Physiology Fibers 218 3.2 Plasma Membrane 46 of Bones 8.8 Muscular Hypertrophy and 3.3 Movement Through the Plasma Atrophy 219 Membrane 49 6.1 Functions of the Skeletal 8.9 Eff ects of Aging on Skeletal System 126 3.4 Cytoplasm 58 Muscle 220 6.2 Cartilage 126 3.5 The Nucleus and Cytoplasmic 8.10 Smooth Muscle 220 Organelles 59 6.3 Bone Histology 127 8.11 Cardiac Muscle 224 3.6 Protein Synthesis 66 6.4 Bone Anatomy 131 9 3.7 Cell Division 68 6.5 Bone Development 133 CHAPTER 3.8 Diff erentiation 72 6.6 Bone Growth 135 Gross Anatomy and 6.7 Bone Remodeling 138 4 Functions of Skeletal CHAPTER 6.8 Bone Repair 141 Muscles Tissues, Glands, and 6.9 Calcium Homeostasis 142 9.1 General Principles 230 Membranes 6.10 Eff ects of Aging on the Skeletal System 143 9.2 Head and Neck Muscles 234 4.1 Tissues and Histology 78 9.3 Trunk Muscles 241 4.2 Germ Layers 78 v ttaatt7788119944__ffmm__ii--xxvvii..iinndddd PPaaggee vvii 1122//11//1100 77::2211 PPMM uusseerr--ff446699 //VVoolluummee//220011//MMHHDDQQ223333//ttaatt7788119944__ddiisskk11ooff11//00007733337788119944//ttaatt7788119944__ppaaggeeffiillees vi Contents 9.4 Scapular and Upper Limb 13.3 Visual System 372 17 Muscles 246 13.4 Hearing and Balance 389 CHAPTER 9.5 Hip and Lower Limb Muscles 255 13.5 Eff ects of Aging on the Special The Heart 10 Senses 401 17.1 Functions of the Heart 491 CHAPTER 14 17.2 Location, Shape, and Size of the Functional Organization CHAPTER Heart 492 of Nervous Tissue Autonomic Nervous System 17.3 Anatomy of the Heart 492 10.1 Functions of the Nervous 14.1 Contrasting the Somatic Motor 17.4 Histology of the Heart 499 System 268 and Autonomic Nervous 17.5 Electrical Activity of the 10.2 Parts of the Nervous System 268 Systems 408 Heart 500 10.3 Cells of the Nervous System 269 14.2 Anatomy of the Autonomic 17.6 Cardiac Cycle 506 Nervous System 409 10.4 Organization of Nervous 17.7 Mean Arterial Blood Tissue 273 14.3 Physiology of the Autonomic Pressure 511 Nervous System 413 10.5 Electric Signals 273 17.8 Regulation of the Heart 512 14.4 Regulation of the Autonomic 10.6 The Synapse 285 17.9 The Heart and Homeostasis 513 Nervous System 418 10.7 Neuronal Pathways and 17.10 Eff ects of Aging on the 14.5 Functional Generalizations About Circuits 294 Heart 516 the Autonomic Nervous 11 System 420 18 CHAPTER CHAPTER 15 Central and Peripheral Blood Vessels and Circulation CHAPTER Nervous Systems Endocrine System 18.1 Functions of the Peripheral 11.1 Spinal Cord 300 Circulation 523 15.1 Overview of the Endocrine 11.2 Refl exes 304 System 426 18.2 General Features of Blood Vessels 523 11.3 Nerves 309 15.2 Pituitary Gland and 18.3 Pulmonary Circulation 527 11.4 Brain 316 Hypothalamus 435 18.4 Systemic Circulation: 11.5 Brainstem 316 15.3 Thyroid Gland 441 Arteries 527 11.6 Cerebellum 318 15.4 Parathyroid Glands 446 18.5 Systemic Circulation: Veins 536 11.7 Diencephalon 319 15.5 Adrenal Glands 446 18.6 Physiology of Circulation 546 11.8 Cerebrum 321 15.6 Pancreas 453 18.7 Control of Blood Flow 552 11.9 Meninges, Ventricles, and 15.7 Hormonal Regulation of 18.8 Regulation of Mean Arterial Cerebrospinal Fluid 324 Nutrients 456 Pressure 554 11.10 Blood Supply to the Brain 329 15.8 Testes and Ovaries 456 18.9 Examples of Cardiovascular 11.11 Cranial Nerves 329 15.9 Pineal Body 457 Regulation 561 12 15.10 Other Endocrine Organs 458 19 CHAPTER 15.11 Hormonelike Substances 458 CHAPTER Integration of Nervous 15.12 Eff ects of Aging on the Endocrine Lymphatic System and System Functions System 458 Immunity 16 12.1 Sensation 344 CHAPTER 19.1 Lymphatic System 570 12.2 Control of Skeletal Muscles 352 Blood 19.2 Immunity 576 12.3 Other Brain Functions 358 19.3 Immune Cells 578 16.1 Functions and Composition of 12.4 Eff ects of Aging of the Nervous 19.4 Innate Immunity 580 Blood 467 System 362 19.5 Adaptive Immunity 584 16.2 Plasma 467 13 19.6 Immunological Tolerance 594 CHAPTER 16.3 Formed Elements 467 19.7 Immunotherapy 594 The Special Senses 16.4 Preventing Blood Loss 475 19.8 Acquired Immunity 598 16.5 Blood Grouping 478 13.1 Olfaction 370 19.9 Eff ects of Aging on the Lymphatic 16.6 Diagnostic Blood 13.2 Taste 371 System and Immunity 599 Tests 482 ttaatt7788119944__ffmm__ii--xxvvii..iinndddd PPaaggee vviiii 1122//88//1100 22::0055 AAMM uusseerr--ff446699 //VVoolluummee//220011//MMHHDDQQ223333//ttaatt7788119944__ddiisskk11ooff11//00007733337788119944//ttaatt7788119944__ppaaggeeffiillees Contents vii 20 22 24 CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER Respiratory System Nutrition, Metabolism, and Reproductive System Temperature Regulation 20.1 Functions of the Respiratory 24.1 Functions of the Reproductive System 607 22.1 Nutrition 690 System 770 20.2 Anatomy and Histology of the 22.2 Metabolism 699 24.2 Meiosis 771 Respiratory System 607 22.3 Carbohydrate Metabolism 700 24.3 Anatomy of the Male 20.3 Ventilation 618 Reproductive System 773 22.4 Lipid Metabolism 707 20.4 Measurement of Lung 24.4 Physiology of Male 22.5 Protein Metabolism 708 Function 622 Reproduction 780 22.6 Interconversion of Nutrient 20.5 Gas Exchange in the Lungs 624 24.5 Anatomy of the Female Molecules 708 Reproductive System 785 20.6 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 22.7 Metabolic States 711 Transport in the Blood 625 24.6 Physiology of Female 22.8 Metabolic Rate 712 Reproduction 793 20.7 Regulation of Ventilation 631 22.9 Body Temperature 24.7 Eff ects of Aging on the 20.8 Respiratory Adaptations to Regulation 713 Reproductive System 801 Exercise 636 23 25 20.9 Eff ects of Aging on the Respiratory CHAPTER CHAPTER System 638 Urinary System and Body Development and Genetics 21 Fluids CHAPTER 25.1 Prenatal Development 809 Digestive System 23.1 Functions of the Urinary 25.2 Labor 829 System 722 21.1 Functions of the Digestive 25.3 The Newborn 831 23.2 Kidney Anatomy and System 645 25.4 Lactation 834 Histology 722 21.2 Histology of the Digestive 25.5 Genetics 834 23.3 Urine Production 728 Tract 645 23.4 Hormonal Regulation of Urine 21.3 Peritoneum 647 Appendices Concentration and Volume 738 21.4 Oral Cavity 647 23.5 Urine Movement 743 A Periodic Table of the Elements A-1 21.5 Pharynx 651 23.6 Eff ects of Aging on the B Scientifi c Notation A-2 21.6 Esophagus 652 Kidneys 746 C Solution Concentrations A-3 21.7 Swallowing 653 23.7 Body Fluids 747 D pH A-4 21.8 Stomach 653 23.8 Regulation of Intracellular Fluid E Answers to Review and 21.9 Small Intestine 661 Composition 748 Comprehension Questions A-5 21.10 Liver and Gallbladder 664 23.9 Regulation of Body Fluid F Answers to Critical Thinking 21.11 Pancreas 670 Concentration and Volume 748 Questions A-6 21.12 Large Intestine 672 23.10 Regulation of Specifi c Electrolytes G Answers to Predict Questions A-18 in the Extracellular Fluid 753 21.13 Digestion, Absorption, and Transport 675 23.11 Regulation of Acid–Base Glossary G-1 Balance 755 21.14 Eff ects of Aging on the Digestive Credits C-1 System 683 Index I-1