Seeley's Principles of Anatomy and Physiology

966 Pages·2011·99.56 MB·English

by  Philip Tate

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S E E L E Y ' S
Principles of
Anatomy & Physiology
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
Philip Tate
Phoenix College
TM
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TM
SEELEY’S PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY, SECOND EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of Th e McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue
of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2012 by Th e McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc. All rights reserved. Previous edition © 2009. No part of this publication may be reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without
the prior written consent of Th e McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to,
in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to
customers outside the United States.
Th is book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QDB/QDB 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 978–0–07–337819–0
MHID 0–07–337819–4
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All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tate, Philip.
Seeley’s principles of anatomy & physiology / Phillip Tate. -- 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978–0–07–337819–0 — ISBN 0–07–337819–4 (hard copy : alk. paper)
1. Human physiology. 2. Human anatomy. I. Title. II. Title: Seeley’s principles of anatomy
and physiology.
QP34.5.T378 2012
612--dc22
2010033996
www.mhhe.com
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Brief Contents
1 23
The Human Organism 1 Urinary System and Body Fluids 721
2 24
The Chemical Basis of Life 21 Reproductive System 769
3 25
Cell Structures and Their Functions 45 Development and Genetics 808
4
Tissues, Glands, and Membranes 77
Appendices
5
Integumentary System 106
A
6 Periodic Table of the Elements A-1
Histology and Physiology of Bones 125
B
Scientifi c Notation A-2
7
Anatomy of Bones and Joints 149 C
Solution Concentrations A-3
8
Histology and Physiology of Muscles 197 D
pH A-4
9
E
Gross Anatomy and Functions of Skeletal
Answers to Review and Comprehension
Muscles 229
Questions A-5
10
F
Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue 267
Answers to Critical Thinking Questions A-6
11 G
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems 299 Answers to Predict Questions A-18
12
Integration of Nervous System Functions 343 Glossary
G-1
13
The Special Senses 369 Credits
C-1
14 Index
Autonomic Nervous System 407 I-1
15
Endocrine System 425
16
Blood 466
17
The Heart 490
18
Blood Vessels and Circulation 522
19
Lymphatic System and
Immunity 569
20
Respiratory System 606
21
Digestive System 644
22
Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature
Regulation 689
iii
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CCoonntteennttss vv
Contents
About the Author viii 4.3 Epithelial Tissue 78 7
Preface viii CHAPTER
4.4 Connective Tissue 86
1 Anatomy of Bones and Joints
4.5 Muscle Tissue 93
CHAPTER
4.6 Nervous Tissue 95
7.1 General Considerations of
The Human Organism
4.7 Membranes 96 Bones 150
1.1 Anatomy and Physiology 2 4.8 Infl ammation 96 7.2 Axial Skeleton 150
1.2 Structural and Functional 4.9 Tissue Renewal and 7.3 Appendicular Skeleton 167
Organization 2 Repair 97
7.4 Joints 177
1.3 Characteristics of Life 7 4.10 Tissues and Aging 102
7.5 Types of Movement 183
1.4 Homeostasis 7 5 7.6 Description of Selected
1.5 Terminology and the Body CHAPTER Joints 186
Plan 11 Integumentary System
7.7 Eff ects of Aging on the Joints 191
2
8
5.1 Functions of the Integumentary
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
System 107
The Chemical Basis of Life
Histology and Physiology
5.2 Skin 107
of Muscles
2.1 Basic Chemistry 22 5.3 Subcutaneous Tissue 113
2.2 Chemical Reactions 27 5.4 Accessory Skin Structures 113 8.1 Functions of the Muscular
2.3 Acids and Bases 31 5.5 Summary of Integumentary System 198
2.4 Inorganic Chemistry 33 System Functions 117 8.2 Properties and Types of
2.5 Organic Chemistry 33 5.6 The Integumentary System as a Muscle 198
Diagnostic Aid 119 8.3 Skeletal Muscle Structure 199
3
CHAPTER 5.7 Skin Cancer 119 8.4 Sliding Filament Model 202
Cell Structures and 5.8 Eff ects of Aging on the 8.5 Physiology of Skeletal Muscle
Their Functions Integumentary System 120 Fibers 204
6 8.6 Physiology of Skeletal Muscle 211
3.1 Cell Organization and CHAPTER
8.7 Types of Skeletal Muscle
Functions 46 Histology and Physiology Fibers 218
3.2 Plasma Membrane 46 of Bones
8.8 Muscular Hypertrophy and
3.3 Movement Through the Plasma Atrophy 219
Membrane 49 6.1 Functions of the Skeletal
8.9 Eff ects of Aging on Skeletal
System 126
3.4 Cytoplasm 58 Muscle 220
6.2 Cartilage 126
3.5 The Nucleus and Cytoplasmic 8.10 Smooth Muscle 220
Organelles 59 6.3 Bone Histology 127
8.11 Cardiac Muscle 224
3.6 Protein Synthesis 66 6.4 Bone Anatomy 131
9
3.7 Cell Division 68 6.5 Bone Development 133 CHAPTER
3.8 Diff erentiation 72 6.6 Bone Growth 135 Gross Anatomy and
6.7 Bone Remodeling 138
4 Functions of Skeletal
CHAPTER 6.8 Bone Repair 141 Muscles
Tissues, Glands, and 6.9 Calcium Homeostasis 142
9.1 General Principles 230
Membranes 6.10 Eff ects of Aging on the Skeletal
System 143 9.2 Head and Neck Muscles 234
4.1 Tissues and Histology 78
9.3 Trunk Muscles 241
4.2 Germ Layers 78
v
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vi Contents
9.4 Scapular and Upper Limb 13.3 Visual System 372 17
Muscles 246 13.4 Hearing and Balance 389 CHAPTER
9.5 Hip and Lower Limb Muscles 255 13.5 Eff ects of Aging on the Special The Heart
10 Senses 401
17.1 Functions of the Heart 491
CHAPTER
14
17.2 Location, Shape, and Size of the
Functional Organization CHAPTER
Heart 492
of Nervous Tissue Autonomic Nervous System
17.3 Anatomy of the Heart 492
10.1 Functions of the Nervous 14.1 Contrasting the Somatic Motor 17.4 Histology of the Heart 499
System 268 and Autonomic Nervous 17.5 Electrical Activity of the
10.2 Parts of the Nervous System 268 Systems 408 Heart 500
10.3 Cells of the Nervous System 269 14.2 Anatomy of the Autonomic 17.6 Cardiac Cycle 506
Nervous System 409
10.4 Organization of Nervous 17.7 Mean Arterial Blood
Tissue 273 14.3 Physiology of the Autonomic Pressure 511
Nervous System 413
10.5 Electric Signals 273 17.8 Regulation of the Heart 512
14.4 Regulation of the Autonomic
10.6 The Synapse 285 17.9 The Heart and Homeostasis 513
Nervous System 418
10.7 Neuronal Pathways and 17.10 Eff ects of Aging on the
14.5 Functional Generalizations About
Circuits 294 Heart 516
the Autonomic Nervous
11 System 420 18
CHAPTER CHAPTER
15
Central and Peripheral Blood Vessels and Circulation
CHAPTER
Nervous Systems
Endocrine System
18.1 Functions of the Peripheral
11.1 Spinal Cord 300 Circulation 523
15.1 Overview of the Endocrine
11.2 Refl exes 304 System 426 18.2 General Features of Blood
Vessels 523
11.3 Nerves 309 15.2 Pituitary Gland and
18.3 Pulmonary Circulation 527
11.4 Brain 316 Hypothalamus 435
18.4 Systemic Circulation:
11.5 Brainstem 316 15.3 Thyroid Gland 441
Arteries 527
11.6 Cerebellum 318 15.4 Parathyroid Glands 446
18.5 Systemic Circulation: Veins 536
11.7 Diencephalon 319 15.5 Adrenal Glands 446
18.6 Physiology of Circulation 546
11.8 Cerebrum 321 15.6 Pancreas 453
18.7 Control of Blood Flow 552
11.9 Meninges, Ventricles, and 15.7 Hormonal Regulation of
18.8 Regulation of Mean Arterial
Cerebrospinal Fluid 324 Nutrients 456
Pressure 554
11.10 Blood Supply to the Brain 329 15.8 Testes and Ovaries 456
18.9 Examples of Cardiovascular
11.11 Cranial Nerves 329 15.9 Pineal Body 457 Regulation 561
12 15.10 Other Endocrine Organs 458 19
CHAPTER 15.11 Hormonelike Substances 458 CHAPTER
Integration of Nervous 15.12 Eff ects of Aging on the Endocrine Lymphatic System and
System Functions System 458 Immunity
16
12.1 Sensation 344 CHAPTER 19.1 Lymphatic System 570
12.2 Control of Skeletal Muscles 352 Blood 19.2 Immunity 576
12.3 Other Brain Functions 358 19.3 Immune Cells 578
16.1 Functions and Composition of
12.4 Eff ects of Aging of the Nervous 19.4 Innate Immunity 580
Blood 467
System 362
19.5 Adaptive Immunity 584
16.2 Plasma 467
13
19.6 Immunological Tolerance 594
CHAPTER 16.3 Formed Elements 467
19.7 Immunotherapy 594
The Special Senses 16.4 Preventing Blood Loss 475
19.8 Acquired Immunity 598
16.5 Blood Grouping 478
13.1 Olfaction 370 19.9 Eff ects of Aging on the Lymphatic
16.6 Diagnostic Blood
13.2 Taste 371 System and Immunity 599
Tests 482
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Contents vii
20 22 24
CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER
Respiratory System Nutrition, Metabolism, and Reproductive System
Temperature Regulation
20.1 Functions of the Respiratory 24.1 Functions of the Reproductive
System 607 22.1 Nutrition 690 System 770
20.2 Anatomy and Histology of the 22.2 Metabolism 699 24.2 Meiosis 771
Respiratory System 607 22.3 Carbohydrate Metabolism 700 24.3 Anatomy of the Male
20.3 Ventilation 618 Reproductive System 773
22.4 Lipid Metabolism 707
20.4 Measurement of Lung 24.4 Physiology of Male
22.5 Protein Metabolism 708
Function 622 Reproduction 780
22.6 Interconversion of Nutrient
20.5 Gas Exchange in the Lungs 624 24.5 Anatomy of the Female
Molecules 708
Reproductive System 785
20.6 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
22.7 Metabolic States 711
Transport in the Blood 625 24.6 Physiology of Female
22.8 Metabolic Rate 712 Reproduction 793
20.7 Regulation of Ventilation 631
22.9 Body Temperature 24.7 Eff ects of Aging on the
20.8 Respiratory Adaptations to
Regulation 713 Reproductive System 801
Exercise 636
23 25
20.9 Eff ects of Aging on the Respiratory
CHAPTER CHAPTER
System 638
Urinary System and Body Development and Genetics
21
Fluids
CHAPTER
25.1 Prenatal Development 809
Digestive System
23.1 Functions of the Urinary
25.2 Labor 829
System 722
21.1 Functions of the Digestive 25.3 The Newborn 831
23.2 Kidney Anatomy and
System 645 25.4 Lactation 834
Histology 722
21.2 Histology of the Digestive 25.5 Genetics 834
23.3 Urine Production 728
Tract 645
23.4 Hormonal Regulation of Urine
21.3 Peritoneum 647 Appendices
Concentration and Volume 738
21.4 Oral Cavity 647
23.5 Urine Movement 743 A Periodic Table of the Elements A-1
21.5 Pharynx 651
23.6 Eff ects of Aging on the B Scientifi c Notation A-2
21.6 Esophagus 652
Kidneys 746 C Solution Concentrations A-3
21.7 Swallowing 653
23.7 Body Fluids 747 D pH A-4
21.8 Stomach 653
23.8 Regulation of Intracellular Fluid E Answers to Review and
21.9 Small Intestine 661 Composition 748 Comprehension Questions A-5
21.10 Liver and Gallbladder 664 23.9 Regulation of Body Fluid F Answers to Critical Thinking
21.11 Pancreas 670 Concentration and Volume 748 Questions A-6
21.12 Large Intestine 672 23.10 Regulation of Specifi c Electrolytes G Answers to Predict Questions A-18
in the Extracellular Fluid 753
21.13 Digestion, Absorption, and
Transport 675 23.11 Regulation of Acid–Base Glossary G-1
Balance 755
21.14 Eff ects of Aging on the Digestive Credits C-1
System 683
Index I-1