Seeing through Multilingual Corpora: On the use of corpora in contrastive studies

379 Pages·2007·2.021 MB·English

by  Stig Johansson

<DOCINFOAUTHOR""TITLE"SeeingthroughMultilingualCorpora:Ontheuseofcorporaincontrastivestudies"SUBJECT"StudiesinCorpusLinguistics,Volume26"KEYWORDS""SIZEHEIGHT"240"WIDTH"160"VOFFSET"4">
SeeingthroughMultilingualCorpora
StudiesinCorpusLinguistics
SCLfocusesontheuseofcorporathroughoutlanguagestudy,the
developmentofaquantitativeapproachtolinguistics,thedesignanduseof
newtoolsforprocessinglanguagetexts,andthetheoreticalimplicationsofa
data-richdiscipline.
GeneralEditor
ElenaTognini-Bonelli
ConsultingEditor
WolfgangTeubert
AdvisoryBoard
MichaelBarlow GeoffreyLeech
UniversityofAuckland UniversityofLancaster
RobertdeBeaugrande AnnaMauranen
UniversitàdelLitorale,Capodistria UniversityofHelsinki
DouglasBiber UteRömer
NorthArizonaUniversity UniversityofHannover
ChrisButler JohnSinclair
UniversityofWales,Swansea TheTuscanWordCentre
SylvianeGranger PietvanSterkenburg
UniversityofLouvain InstituteforDutchLexicology,Leiden
M.A.K.Halliday JanSvartvik
UniversityofSydney UniversityofLund
SusanHunston JohnSwales
UniversityofBirmingham UniversityofMichigan
StigJohansson H-Z.Yang
OsloUniversity JiaoTongUniversity,Shanghai
GraemeKennedy
VictoriaUniversityofWellington
Volume26
SeeingthroughMultilingualCorpora
Ontheuseofcorporaincontrastivestudies
byStigJohansson
Seeing through
Multilingual Corpora
On the use of corpora in contrastive studies
Stig Johansson
UniversityofOslo
JohnBenjaminsPublishingCompany
Amsterdam(cid:2)/(cid:2)Philadelphia
TM Thepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirements
8
ofAmericanNationalStandardforInformationSciences–Permanence
ofPaperforPrintedLibraryMaterials,ansiz39.48-1984.
CoverillustrationfromoriginalpaintingRandomOrder
byLorenzoPezzatini,Florence,1996.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Johansson,Stig,1939-
Seeingthroughmultilingualcorpora:ontheuseofcorporaincontrastive
studies/ StigJohansson.
p. cm.(StudiesinCorpusLinguistics,issn1388–0373;v.26)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindexes.
1.Contrastivelinguistics.2.Translatingandinterpreting.3.Corpora
(Linguistics).I.Title.
P134.J63 2007
410--dc22 2006048039
isbn9789027223005(Hb;alk.paper)
©2007–JohnBenjaminsB.V.
Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyform,byprint,photoprint,microfilm,or
anyothermeans,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher.
JohnBenjaminsPublishingCo.·P.O.Box36224·1020meAmsterdam·TheNetherlands
JohnBenjaminsNorthAmerica·P.O.Box27519·Philadelphiapa19118-0519·usa
Table of contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Listoffigures xvii
Listoftables xix
Listofabbreviations xxi
chapter1
Thecaseforcorporaincontrastivestudies 1
1.1 Seeingthroughcorpora 1
1.2 Contrastiveanalysis 1
1.3 Theproblemofequivalence 3
1.4 Translationstudies 4
1.5 Acorpus-basedapproach 4
1.6 Translationcorporavs.comparablecorpora 5
1.7 Correspondencevs.equivalence 5
1.8 Structurevs.use 6
1.9 Usesofmultilingualcorpora 6
1.10 Anoteonexamplesandreferences 7
chapter2
Buildingamultilingualcorpus 9
2.1 Corpusmodels 9
2.1.1 Translationcorpora 9
2.1.2 Comparablecorpora 10
2.2 BuildingtheEnglish-NorwegianParallelCorpus 10
2.2.1 TheENPCmodel 11
2.2.2 Textselection 12
2.2.3 Textencoding 14
2.2.4 Alignment 14
2.2.5 Tagging 16
2.2.6 Searchtools 17
2.3 TheOsloMultilingualCorpus 18
2.4 Aparalleltranslationcorpus 19
 SeeingthroughMultilingualCorpora
2.5 Amultipletranslationcorpus 20
2.6 Thechoiceofacorpusmodel 21
chapter3
Usingmultilingualcorpora 23
3.1 Translationparadigms 23
3.2 Divergentcorrespondences 25
3.3 Zerocorrespondence 26
3.4 Mutualcorrespondence 26
3.5 Semanticreflections 29
3.6 Paralleltranslations 31
3.7 Translationeffects 32
3.8 Combiningcomparableandtranslationcorpora 33
3.9 Contrastinglexis 35
3.10 Contrastingsyntaxanddiscourse 37
3.11 Researchquestions 38
3.12 Linguisticinterpretation 39
chapter4
Contrastingnouns:Timesoftheday,mind,person,thing,fact 41
4.1 Introduction 41
4.2 Timesoftheday 41
4.2.1 Englishnoon 42
4.2.2 Norwegianformiddag andettermiddag 43
4.2.3 Englishnight 44
4.2.4 Norwegiandøgn 46
4.2.5 Summingup:Timesofthedayintranslation 47
4.3 Whatdoyouhaveinmind? 48
4.3.1 Correspondencesofmind 49
4.3.2 Summingup:Mindinacross-linguisticperspective 51
4.4 Whatisaperson? 53
4.4.1 Englishcorrespondencesofmenneske 53
4.4.2 PersoninEnglishvs.Norwegian 57
4.4.3 Menneskevs.person 64
4.4.4 Summingup:Personinacross-linguisticperspective 67
4.5 Whatisathing? 68
4.5.1 Congruentcorrespondences 70
4.5.2 Divergentcorrespondences 74
4.5.3 Summingup:Thinginacross-linguisticperspective 77
Tableofcontents 
4.6 Isthatafact? 78
4.6.1 Thefact +that-clause 79
4.6.2 Infact 85
4.6.3 Summingup:Fact inacross-linguisticperspective 90
4.7 Summingup:Contrastingnouns 92
chapter5
LovingandhatinginEnglishandNorwegian 95
5.1 Introduction 95
5.2 Overalldistribution 96
5.3 Overalltranslationpatterns 96
5.4 TranslationsofEhate 98
5.4.1 Complementclauses 98
5.4.2 Othernon-personalobjects 98
5.4.3 Personalobjects 99
5.5 TranslationsofElove 100
5.5.1 Complementclauses 100
5.5.2 Othernon-personalobjects 100
5.5.3 Personalobjects 101
5.6 Summingup:Lovingandhatingincross-linguisticperspective 102
chapter6
SpendingtimeinEnglish,Norwegian,andGerman 107
6.1 Introduction 107
6.2 Overviewofresults 107
6.3 Congruenttranslations 109
6.4 Restructuring 110
6.5 Distributioninoriginalandtranslatedtexts 113
6.6 Anoteonsourcesofspend 114
6.7 Summingup:Spendacross-linguisticperspective 115
chapter7
TheEnglishverbseemanditscorrespondencesinNorwegian:
Whatseemstobetheproblem? 117
7.1 Introduction 117
7.2 Somecharacteristicsofseem 117
7.3 Material:Overalldistribution 118
7.4 Overviewofcorrespondences 119
7.5 Typesofdivergentcorrespondences 120
7.6 Acloserlookatsometypesofcorrespondences 123
7.6.1 Lexicalverbsandtheirpatterns 124
 SeeingthroughMultilingualCorpora
7.6.2 Modalparticles 130
7.6.3 Zerocorrespondence 132
7.7 Conclusion 137
chapter8
SomeaspectsofusualityinEnglishandNorwegian 139
8.1 Introduction 139
8.2 Materialandmethod 139
8.3 Thedet+hendeconstructionanditscorrespondencesinEnglish 140
8.3.1 Frequencyadverbial 140
8.3.2 Frequencyadverbial+modalauxiliary 141
8.3.3 Modalauxiliary 142
8.3.4 Lexicalverb 143
8.3.5 Othercorrespondences 146
8.3.6 Thedet+hendeconstruction:Summingup 146
8.3.7 Anoteondet+hendeconstructionsexpanded
bymodalauxiliaries 147
8.4 Theit+happenconstructionanditscorrespondencesin
Norwegian 148
8.5 Usesoftheit+happenconstruction 149
8.6 Interpretation 150
8.6.1 ContrastingEnglishandNorwegian 151
8.6.2 Thefunctionofhende/happenconstructions 151
8.7 Conclusion 153
chapter9
Insearchofthemissingnot:SomenotesonnegationinEnglish
andNorwegian 155
9.1 Introduction 155
9.2 Overallfrequenciesofikkeandnot 156
9.3 EnglishcorrespondencesofNorwegianikke 157
9.3.1 No-negation 157
9.3.2 Affixalnegation 162
9.3.3 Othercorrespondences 163
9.4 NorwegiancorrespondencesofEnglishnot 168
9.4.1 Syntheticnegation 169
9.4.2 Affixalnegation 170
9.4.3 Othercorrespondences 170
9.5 Whynotnot? 173
Tableofcontents 
chapter10
ThegenericpersoninEnglish,German,andNorwegian 175
10.1 Introduction 175
10.2 Materialandmethod 175
10.3 Overview 176
10.3.1 Syntax 177
10.3.2 Overalldistribution:Englishone,German
andNorwegianman 178
10.4 EnglishoneanditscorrespondencesinGermanandNorwegian 178
10.5 EnglishsourcesofNorwegianman 180
10.6 EnglishsourcesofGermanman 181
10.7 NorwegianparallelstoGermanman 183
10.8 Summingupthedifferences 185
10.9 Germanman+sehen 186
10.9.1 Genericsensersubject 188
10.9.2 Specificsensersubject 188
10.9.3 Phenomenonassubject 189
10.9.4 Dummysubject 190
10.9.5 Nosubject 191
10.9.6 Nominal 191
10.9.7 Noperceptionprocess 191
10.9.8 Correspondencesofmanincombinationwithhören 192
10.9.9 Germanman+sehen:Discussion 193
10.10 AcomparisonwithSwedish 194
chapter11
Whychangethesubject?:Onchangesinsubjectselectionintranslation
fromEnglishintoNorwegian 197
11.1 Aim 197
11.2 Themultiple-translationproject 197
11.3 Researchquestions 198
11.4 Characteristicsofthesubject 199
11.5 Overviewoffindings 199
11.6 Whatsortsofsubjectsarereplaced? 201
11.7 Wheredothenewsubjectscomefrom? 201
11.8 Discussionofchanges 202
11.8.1 Changestriggeredbylexis 203
11.8.2 Nominalizationsinsubjectposition 204
11.8.3 Insertionofdummydet 205
11.8.4 Changesinvoice 209
11.8.5 Subjectselectionandcohesion 212