Seedling Production and Field Performance of Seedlings PDF
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Seedling Production and Field Performance of Seedlings Edited by Johanna Riikonen and Jaana Luoranen Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Forests www.mdpi.com/journal/forests Seedling Production and Field Performance of Seedlings Seedling Production and Field Performance of Seedlings SpecialIssueEditors JohannaRiikonen JaanaLuoranen MDPI•Basel•Beijing•Wuhan•Barcelona•Belgrade SpecialIssueEditors JohannaRiikonen JaanaLuoranen NaturalResourcesInstituteFinland, NaturalResourcesInstituteFinland, Finland Finland EditorialOffice MDPI St.Alban-Anlage66 4052Basel,Switzerland ThisisareprintofarticlesfromtheSpecialIssuepublishedonlineintheopenaccessjournalForests (ISSN1999-4907)from2017to2018(availableat: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/forests/special issues/seedling) Forcitationpurposes,citeeacharticleindependentlyasindicatedonthearticlepageonlineandas indicatedbelow: LastName,A.A.; LastName,B.B.; LastName,C.C.ArticleTitle. JournalNameYear,ArticleNumber, PageRange. ISBN978-3-03921-255-2(Pbk) ISBN978-3-03921-256-9(PDF) CoverimagecourtesyofJaanaLuoranen. (cid:2)c 2019bytheauthors. ArticlesinthisbookareOpenAccessanddistributedundertheCreative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon publishedarticles,aslongastheauthorandpublisherareproperlycredited,whichensuresmaximum disseminationandawiderimpactofourpublications. ThebookasawholeisdistributedbyMDPIunderthetermsandconditionsoftheCreativeCommons licenseCCBY-NC-ND. Contents AbouttheSpecialIssueEditors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii JohannaRiikonenandJaanaLuoranen SeedlingProductionandtheFieldPerformanceofSeedlings Reprintedfrom:Forests2018,9,740,doi:10.3390/f9120740. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 GeoffreyBell,KentonL.Sena,ChristopherD.BartonandMichaelFrench Establishing Pine Monocultures and Mixed Pine-Hardwood Stands on Reclaimed Surface MinedLandinEasternKentucky:ImplicationsforForestResilienceinaChangingClimate Reprintedfrom:Forests2017,8,375,doi:10.3390/f8100375. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 MarconeMoreiraSantos, EduardoEuclydesdeLimaeBorges, GlaucianadaMataAtaı´de andGenainaAparecidadeSouza GerminationofSeedsofMelanoxylonbraunaSchott. underHeatStress:ProductionofReactive OxygenSpeciesandAntioxidantActivity Reprintedfrom:Forests2017,8,405,doi:10.3390/f8110405. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge, Arion Turcsa´n, Jorne Maes, Nils Ducheˆne, Steven Meeus, BeatrijsVanderAa,KathySteppeandMarijkeSteenackers Taxon-Independent and Taxon-Dependent Responses to Drought in Seedlings from Quercus roburL.,Q.petraea(Matt.)Liebl.andTheirMorphologicalIntermediates Reprintedfrom:Forests2017,8,407,doi:10.3390/f8110407. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 ZdzisławKaliniewiczandPawełTylek InfluenceofScarificationontheGerminationCapacityofAcornsHarvestedfromUneven-Aged StandsofPedunculateOak(QuercusroburL.) Reprintedfrom:Forests2018,9,100,doi:10.3390/f9030100. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Zachary J. Hackworth, John M. Lhotka, John J. Cox, Christopher D. Barton and Matthew T. Springer First-Year Vitality of Reforestation Plantings in Response to Herbivore Exclusion on Reclaimed Appalachian Surface-Mined Land Reprintedfrom:Forests2018,9,222,doi:10.3390/f9040222. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 JeremiahR.Pinto,BridgetA.McNassar,OlgaA.KildishevaandAnthonyS.Davis StocktypeandVegetativeCompetitionInfluencesonPseudotsugamenziesiiandLarixoccidentalis SeedlingEstablishment Reprintedfrom:Forests2018,9,228,doi:10.3390/f9050228. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 R. Kasten Dumroese, Jeremiah R. Pinto, Juha Heiskanen, Arja Tervahauta, Katherine G. McBurney, Deborah S. Page-Dumroese and Karl Englund Biochar Can Be a Suitable Replacement for Sphagnum Peat in Nursery Production of Pinus ponderosa Seedlings Reprintedfrom:Forests2018,9,232,doi:10.3390/f9050232. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 StevenC.GrossnickleandJoanneE.MacDonald SeedlingQuality:History,Application,andPlantAttributes Reprintedfrom:Forests2018,9,283,doi:10.3390/f9050283. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 v MikkoTikkinen,SailaVarisandTuijaAronen Development of Somatic Embryo Maturation and Growing Techniques of Norway Spruce EmblingstowardsLarge-ScaleFieldTesting Reprintedfrom:Forests2018,9,325,doi:10.3390/f9060325. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Cornelia C. Pinchot, Thomas J. Hall, Arnold M. Saxton, Scott E. Schlarbaum and James K. Bailey Effects of Seedling Quality and Family on Performance of Northern Red Oak Seedlings on a Xeric Upland Site Reprintedfrom:Forests2018,9,351,doi:10.3390/f9060351. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 BackTomasErsson,TiinaLaineandTimoSaksa Mechanized Tree Planting in Sweden and Finland: Current State and Key Factors for FutureGrowth Reprintedfrom:Forests2018,9,370,doi:10.3390/f9070370. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 vi About the Special Issue Editors Johanna Riikonen (Dr) is a senior scientist at the Natural Resources Institute Finland, and is specializedinplantphysiologyandseedlingproductionofforesttreespecies. JaanaLuoranen(Dr)Seniorscientistinthefieldofforestregenerationandproductionofforesttree seedlingsince1995. vii Editorial Seedling Production and the Field Performance of Seedlings JohannaRiikonen1,*andJaanaLuoranen2 1 NaturalResourcesInstituteFinland(Luke),70200Kuopio,Finland 2 NaturalResourcesInstituteFinland(Luke),77600Suonenjoki,Finland;jaana.luoranen@luke.fi * Correspondence:Johanna.riikonen@luke.fi Received:19November2018;Accepted:20November2018;Published:27November2018 Abstract: Therapidestablishmentofseedlingsinforestregenerationorafforestationsitesafter plantingisaprerequisiteforsuccessfulreforestation. Therelationshipbetweenthequalityofthe seedlingmaterialandtheirgrowthandsurvivalafteroutplantinghasbeenrecognizedfordecades. Despitetheexistenceofasubstantialamountofinformationonhowtoproducehigh-qualityseedlings, thereisstillaneedtodeveloppracticesthatcanbeusedinnurseriesandatplantingsitestobeable toproducewell-growingforeststandsinever-changingenvironments.ThisSpecialIssueofForestsis focusedonseedlingqualityandhowitcanbemanipulatedinanurseryaswellashowthequalityof theseedlingsaffectstheirfieldperformanceafterplanting. Keywords:culturalpractice;fieldperformance;nurseryproduction;seedlingquality;treeseedling 1.UseofHighQualitySeedlingsIstheBasisforTreePlantingSuccess Seedlingsurvivalafteroutplantingisacomplexprocesswhichcanbeaffectedbymanynursery andsilviculturalpractices.Thefactorscontributingtoseedlingqualityhavebeencomprehensively reviewedbyLandisetal.[1]andGrossnickleandMacDonald[2].Seedlingqualitycanbeassessed bymeasuringseveralmorphological,physiologicalandperformanceattributes,thelatterintegrating themorphologicalandphysiologicalattributes. However,intheend,thelimitingfactorsonthe outplantingsitedeterminethemostdesirablemorphologicalandphysiologicalseedlingattributes forimprovingthechancesforincreasedgrowthandsurvivalaftertheoutplanting[3].InthisSpecial Issue,GrossnickleandMacDonald[4]reviewthehistoricaldevelopmentofthedisciplineofseedling quality,aswellaswhereitistoday.Becauseseedlingqualityconsistsofseveralfeatures,suchasthe geneticsource,morphologicalproperties,nutritionalstatus,stressresistanceandthevitalityofthe seedlings,theseedlingresponsestodifferentnurserypracticesmaybevariableindifferenttreespecies andundervariablegrowthconditions[1,5].InthisSpecialIssue,Pinchotetal.[6]andPintoetal.[7] considertherelationshipbetweentheinitialsizeoftheseedlingsandtheirgrowthafteroutplanting. Thesestudieshighlightoncemorehowtheresponsesoftheseedlingstodifferentnurserypracticesare dependentonplantspeciesandstocktype. Thequalityandgerminabilityofseedsgreatlyinfluencethesuccessofproducinghealthyand well-growing seedlings. Germinability and seedling health can be enhanced through different productionmethods[8].Inthisissue,KaliniewiczandTylek[9]foundthatthequalityofpedunculate oakacornscanbeimprovedbydifferentseedtreatmentspriortogermination.Theyconcludedthat scarificationandtheeliminationofinfectedacornssignificantlyincreasedthegerminationcapacityof theacorns. 2.NewandExistingChallengesalongtheSeedlingProductionChain Globalchangeanddevelopmentoftechnologyprovidenewchallengesandopportunitiesfor influencingprocessesalongtheseedlingproductionchain. Accordingtotheprojectionsmadeby Forests2018,9,740;doi:10.3390/f9120740 1 www.mdpi.com/journal/forests
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