Seedling physiology and reforestation success: Proceedings of the Physiology Working Group Technical Session

327 Pages·1984·13.75 MB·English

by  D. G. Thompson (auth.), Mary L. Duryea, Gregory N. Brown (eds.)

SEEDLING PHYSIOLOGY AND REFORESTATION SUCCESS
FORESTRY SCIENCES
Baas P, ed: New Perspectives in Wood Anatomy. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2526-7
Prins CFL, ed: Production, Marketing and Use of Finger-Jointed Sawnwood. 1982.
ISBN 90-247-2569-0
Oldeman RAA, et aI., eds: Tropical Hardwood Utilization: Practice and Prospects. 1982.
ISBN 90-247-2581-X
Den Ouden P and Boom BK, eds: Manual of Cultivated Conifers: Hardy in Cold and
Warm-Temperate Zone. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2148-2 paperback; ISBN 90-247-2644-1
hardbound.
Bonga JM and Durzan DJ, eds: Tissue Culture in Forestry. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2660-3
Satoo T and Magwick HAl: Forest Biomass. 1982. ISBN 90-247-2710-3
Van Nao T, ed: Forest Fire Prevention and Control. 1982. ISBN 90-247-3050-3
Douglas J, ed: A Re-appraisal of Forestry Development in Developing Countries. 1983.
ISBN 90-247-2830-4
Gordon JC and Wheeler CT, eds: Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Forest Ecosystems:
Foundations and Applications. 1983. ISBN 90-247-2849-5
Hummel FC, ed: Forest Policy: A Contribution to Resource Development. 1984.
ISBN 90-247-2883-5
Duryea ML and Landis TD, eds: Forest Nursery Manual: Production of Bareroot Seed
lings. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2913-0
Manion PD, ed: ScIeroderris Canker of Conifers. 1984. ISBN 90-247-2912-2
Staaf KAG and Wiksten NA, authors: Tree Harvesting Techniques. 1984.
ISBN 90-247-2994-7
Duryea ML and Brown GN, eds: Seedling Physiology and Reforestation Success. 1984.
ISBN 90-247-2949-1
Seedling physiology and
reforestation success
Proceedings of the Physiology Working Group
Technical Session
Society of American Foresters National Convention, Portland, Oregon, USA,
October 16-20, 1983
edited by
MARY L. DURYEA
Oregon State University
Corvallis, USA
and
GREGORY N. BROWN
University of Maine
Orono, USA
1984 MARTINUS NIJHOFF/DR W. JUNK PUBLISHERS ~=
.'liliiii
a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP
DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LANCASTER
Distributors
jar the United States and Canada: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 190 Old Derby
Street, Hingham, MA 02043, USA
jar the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers, MTP Press Limited,
Falcon House, Queen Square, Lancaster LAI lRN, England
jar all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center,
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Seedling physiology and reforestation success.
(Forestry sciences)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Reforestation--Congresses. 2. Trees--Seedlings-
Physiology--Congresses. I. Duryea, Mary L.
II. Brown, Gregory N. III. Society of American
Foresters. Physiology Working Group. Technical
Section. IV. Society of American Foresters. Convention
(1983 : Portland, Or.) V. Series
SD409.S413 1984 634.9'56 84-14735
ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6139-5
e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6137-1
ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6139-5
001: 10.1007/978-94-009-6137-1
Copyright
© 1984 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 15t edition 1984
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of
the publishers,
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 163, 3300 AD Dordrecht,
The Netherlands.
v
Acknowledgments
Producing a technical session and proceedings such as this requires the coordinated
efforts, diverse skills, and expertise of many people.
We appreciate the creative input of the program committee: Don Dickmann,
Anne Fege, John Gordon, Donal Hook, Tom Kimmerer, Denis Lavender, Kim Steiner,
and Tim White.
The technical session went very smoothly due to the efforts of George Bengtson,
Don Boelter, and Steve Omi.
We are grateful for the production assistance of: Char Singkofer and Julie Cone
for typing; Martha Burdick for proofing and editing; Beth Marshall for proofing
and indexing; Carol Perry for editorial consultation; Gretchen Bloom for drafting
and layout; and Don Poole for cover design.
We acknowledge with appreciation the financial support of the Nursery Technology
Cooperative and the Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University.
Finally, we are indebted to the speaker-authors, whose tremendous dedication
made the session and proceedings possible.
VI
Contents
Introduction
G. N. Brown ................................................................................. viii
Stock Quality
Propagation Method
• Tissue culture and vegetative propagation
Overview
1. Clonal Reforestation: Forests of the Future?
D. G. Thompson .................................................................... 3
Example
2. Propagation and Preservation of Elms via Tissue Culture Systems
D. F. Karnosky and R. A. Mickler ............................................... 29
• Seed
Overview
3. New .Forests from Better Seeds: The Role of Seed Physiology
F. T. Bonner .......................................................................... 37
Example
4. Manipulating Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Seed Germination with
Simulated Moisture and Temperature Stress
1. R. Dunlap and 1. P. Barnett.. ........................................... ....... 61
Stock Types
• Bareroot
Overview
5. Altering Seedling Physiology to Improve Reforestation Success
M.L.DuryeaandK.M.McClain ................................................ 77
Example
6. Seed Source Lifting Windows Improve Plantation Establishment of
Pacific Slope Douglas-fir
1. L. lenkinson ...................................................................... 115
• Container
Overview
7. Physiology Research Made Forestation with Container-Grown Seedlings
Successful
R. W. TinusandP. W. Owston ................................................... 143
VII
Example
8. Relating Seedling Physiology to Survival and Growth in
Container-Grown Southern Pines
J. P. Barnett .......................................................................... 157
Planting Site and Stock Response
Matching Species and Stock Type to Site
Overview
9. The Influence of Species and Stocktype Selection on
Stand Establishment: An Ecophysiological Perspective
S. D. Hobbs .......................................................................... 179
Example
10. Characterization of the Internal Water Relations of Loblolly Pine
Seedlings in Response to Nursery Cultural Treatments: Implications for
Reforestation Success
T. C. HennesseyandP. M. Dougherty .......................................... 225
Accelerating Early Growth in Plantations
• Vegetation management
Overview
11. Growth Response and Physiology of Tree Seedlings as Affected
by Weed Control
D. H. Gjerstad, L. R. Nelson, J. H. Dukes, Jr., and
W. A. Retzlaff ....................................................................... 247
Example
12. Interference Between Greenleaf Manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula) and
Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa)
S. R. Radosevich .................................................................... 259
• Nutrition management
Overview
13. Nutrition Management: A Physiological Basis for Yield Improvement
J. T. FisherandJ. G.Mexal ........................................................ 271
Example
14. Mycorrhizae and Reforestation Success in the Oak-Hickory Region
R. K. Dixon, H. E. Garrett, G. S. Cox, and S. G. Pallardy ................... 301
Index .............................................................................................. 320
VIII
INTRODUCTION: SEEDLING PHYSIOLOGY AND REFORESTATION SUCCESS
G. N. BROWN
Dean, College of Forest Resources, 202 Nutting Hall,
University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469
Reforestation is a major component of silvicultural
management. Whether forest sites are to be reestablished with
the same forest species, or are to be converted to other species,
major consideration must be given to the site characteristics,
the genetic quality of the new stock, and the physiological
mechanisms of regeneration establishment and survival. Many
options are available for regeneration. In some instances,
natural regeneration, with or without advanced stocking, may
be adequate for maintaining the existing forest type. In many
instances, however, artificial regeneration is required. This
may include direct seeding, seedling planting, and asexual
cutting propagation. Many physiological mechanisms are involved
with seed germination, including the afterripening process to
break seed dormancy which may be assisted by stratification or
scarification techniques. Establishment of seedlings or cuttings
involves many physiological mechanisms related to root and
shoot development. All cases require physiological adaptation
to the stresses imposed by the environmental conditions of the
site.
Mistakes in reforestation are costly because they are
multiplied and compounded throughout the life of the forest
stand. Mistakes, of course, are represented by poor survival
and suboptimal early growth. Growth and survival of young
seedlings are functions of vigor, growth rate, and resistance
to environmental stresses: edaphic, physiographic, biological,
and climatic. Hence, proper cultural treatments and pre- and
post-planting care may solicit more effective responses than
treatments during any other stage in the life of the tree and
Duryea, M.L. and Brown, G.N. (eds.). Seedling physiology and reforestation succes
©l984, Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London. ISBN 978-94-009·6139·5
IX
will be manifested later in the more mature tree. Many
interacting factors must be considered in selecting the
proper genetic seed source, planting stock, and most effective
silvicultural manipulations, including either seedbed or
planting site preparation (dependent upon harvesting techniques
and/or subsequent mechanical and chemical techniques) and
environmental manipulation of the young stand (utilizing
control of overhead forest structure and/or mechanical or
chemical release from competing vegetation). All of these
considerations involve an understanding of physiological
mechanisms in order to make the proper decisions.
While the forester, and more specifically the silviculturist,
is most concerned with "how to grow trees," the physiologist
is most concerned with "how trees grow." To arrive at the
most effective and ultimate solution to any problem, the problem
must first be identified and understood. This involves
understanding the cause and effect relationship, which means
understanding physiological mechanisms in the case of
regeneration problems. These mechanisms come into play during
seed germination and subsequent growth processes, and include
such processes as photosynthesis, respiration, nutrition, and
stress relationships involving water, temperature and light.
All of these processes must be considered.
The final result of reforestation reflects the composite
of several sequential events. Klebs' concept (1,2) illustrates
how environmental influences and hereditary characteristics
merge in expression through physiological processes resulting
in growth and developmental characteristics of the tree.
Silvicultural decisions made at each stage of reforestation
must reflect physiological concerns in order to maximize
success toward this final product. For instance, on some
sites, conditions may be favorable for seed germination but
not favorable for subsequent seedling establishment, while
on other sites the reverse may be true. These site
characteristics should be identified and physiological
characteristics of germinating seed and seedling growth
should be identified and understood to make proper
x
silvicultural decisions. Another example illustrating the
importance of physiology to nursery practices occurs when
lifting seedlings from the nursery; storage, which is often
operationally necessary far in advance of planting time, may
at the same time be injurious to carbohydrate reserves which
may be converted or depleted during this extended storage.
A third example is when the healthiest appearing seedlings
may not show the best survival and growth when Dlanted in the
field, because physiological factors such as food accumulation
and seasonal variation in the ability of the seedlings to
produce new roots may be involved.
Current forest regeneration practices have further
increased the need for an understanding of physiological
mechanisms. Production of seedlings in containers is
receiving much attention and opens doors for increased success
in reforestation. The culturing of seedlings in containers
provides the nursery manager with the opportunity to produce
large and vigorous seedlings through manipulation of the soil
environment and better control of adaptation during field
planting. Also, the entire area of forest genetics and tree
improvement is being directed toward selection and breeding
to produce seed and seedlings with more vigorous growth
characteristics and adaptability to various site factors.
Physiological mechanisms involved in all the stages from
seed production through germination and early growth must be
understood for genetic manipulation to be effective in
producing superior seed and planting stock.
Foresters, and more specifically silviculturists, sometimes
wonder why physiological information is so important when it
usually explains already known visible behavior of the tree.
In the case of reforestation, I have explained some of the
reasons why a better understanding of seedling physiology can
enhance the ability of the silviculturist to better achieve
successful reforestation. In this Proceedings, state-of-the-art
information is presented on several aspects of seedling
physiology and how they relate to reforestation success. An
overview paper is presented on each topic followed by a