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Malavika Dadlani Devendra K. Yadava Editors Seed Science and Technology Biology, Production, Quality Seed Science and Technology (cid:129) Malavika Dadlani Devendra K. Yadava Editors Seed Science and Technology Biology, Production, Quality Editors MalavikaDadlani DevendraK.Yadava FormerlyatICAR-IndianAgricultural IndianCouncilofAgriculturalResearch ResearchInstitute NewDelhi,India NewDelhi,India ThisworkwassupportedbyADTProjectConsultingGmbH ISBN978-981-19-5887-8 ISBN978-981-19-5888-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5888-5 #TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2023.ThisbookisanOpenAccesspublication OpenAccessThisbookislicensedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproductionin any mediumor format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the originalauthor(s)andthesource,providealinktotheCreativeCommonslicenseandindicateifchanges weremade. Theimagesorotherthirdpartymaterialinthisbookareincludedinthebook’sCreativeCommonslicense, unlessindicatedotherwiseinacreditlinetothematerial.Ifmaterialisnotincludedinthebook’sCreative Commonslicenseandyourintendeduseisnotpermittedbystatutoryregulationorexceedsthepermitted use,youwillneedtoobtainpermissiondirectlyfromthecopyrightholder. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsorthe editorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Seedsecurityisaprerequisitetofoodsecurity,whichinturndependsmuchonthe successofcropimprovementprogrammes.Strongplantbreedingprogrammeslead to the continued development of improved crop varieties that perform well under optimum as well as erratic climatic conditions, meet the market demands fulfilling changing consumer preferences, and fit into newer farming system models. How- ever,developmentofimprovedcropvarietiesisonlyoflimitedconsequencewithout asoundandresilientseedsupplysystemtoachievesuccessinagriculturalproduc- tion.Itisseenthatcountriesthatlaidemphasisoncontinuedinvestmentincapacity building,andthecreationofnecessaryinfrastructureincropimprovementandseed system development, achieved success in meeting the growing food demands and challengesofclimatechangeinasustainablemanner. Concurrentwiththeintroductionofsemi-dwarf,high-yieldingvarietiesofwheat andriceinthe1960sto1970s,usheringaneraof“GreenRevolution”,andawell- planned programme of hybrid development in maize, sorghum, and pearl millet in the1960s,Indiacreatedaseedsupplysystembyinvestinginthemultidisciplinary research and education on seed technology, introducing appropriate legislation, policy support, and building necessary infrastructures for seed production, processing, and quality control. These were supported by various programmes, projects, and international collaborations, all of which contributed to capacity buildingandinfrastructuredevelopment. InthefastadvancingfieldofSeedScienceandTechnology,continuedeffortsare neededfortheupgradationofthecapacityofseedprofessionals.Viewingthis,inthe frame of a Bilateral Cooperation between the governments of India and Germany, and the project “Indo-German Cooperation on Seed Sector Development”, an extensive capacity-building programme was undertaken, mostly online, during the years2020and2021,forthebenefitofscientists,facultymembers,andseedsector professionalsworkinginagriculturalresearchinstitutions,universities,certification and seed-production agencies in India. Nearly 100 lectures were delivered by 70eminentexpertsfromIndiaandEUcountriesduringthesetrainingprogrammes onvariousaspectsofseedscienceandtechnologyincludingSeedProduction;Post- harvest Technologies and Storage; Seed Quality Enhancement; Seed Testing, and SeedCertification. v vi Preface Considering the huge response to these trainings, it was decided to bring out a book by using, collating, updating, and restructuring the training lectures and elaborating the topics further in a manner that the book will not only be useful to theseedprofessionalsinIndiabutwillalsoserveasabasereferencetothoseinother partsoftheworld,particularlyinSouthandSEAsia.Thechaptersinthisbookhave been contributed by the experts in their respective fields, most of whom were involved in these capacity-building programmes. Many of the contributors are from the seed industry having practical knowledge of the gaps and the process of technologydevelopment.Somechapters have also beencontributedbytheexperts who were not associated with these training programmes, but have long practical experienceintheirrespectivefields. The introductory chapter presents a brief overview of the multidisciplinary structureofseedscienceandtechnology.Thenext15chaptershavebeenorganised intothreemajorsections,SeedBiology;SeedProduction;andSeedQualityAssess- ment and Enhancement. The concluding chapter discusses the most significant recentadvances,potentialareasofseedresearch,andthedevelopmentsofpromising technologies. Keeping the multidisciplinarity of the subject, there are some overlappingbetweenthechapters.Asthechapterswerepreparedaroundthelectures delivered during the training programmes, some degree of overlapping provides interlinking, which will help provide a comprehensive understanding of seed technology. InbringingoutthispublicationweareindebtedtotheGovernmentsofIndiaand Germany, and the project on “Indo-German Cooperation on Seed Sector Develop- ment”, and its key functionaries, Sh. Ashwani Kumar, Joint Secretary (Seed), Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, GOI, India, and Dr. Ulrike Mueller, Deputy Programme Director, GFA Consulting Group/General Agent of the Bilateral Cooperation Programme of the BMEL, Germany, without whose constant guidance and support this project would not have materialised. We are profoundly grateful to Mr. Ekkehard Schroeder, Managing Director, ADT Project ConsultingGmbH,Adenauerallee174,53113Bonn,Germany,formakingthisbook happen. Concerted efforts made by the Nodal Officers of Indo-German Training Programme from Northern Region (Dr. D.K. Yadava and Dr. Sandeep K Lal), Eastern Region (Dr. Sanjay Kumar), and Southern Region (Dr. Vilas A. Tonapi) are also duly acknowledged. Our sincere thanks are due to Sh. M. Gunasekaran, Asst. Commissioner (Seed), Dr. Sowmini S. and Dr. Raghvendra Kavali, for their constantsupportinconducingthetrainingsandprovidingrelevantmaterialsforthe preparationofthisbook. Though the book primarily addresses the situation prevailing in India, it also compares, wherever relevant, the Indian seed system with that of OECD member countriesandtheUSA.Itishopedthatthisbookwillservethepurposeofareference bookforgraduatestudents,postgraduateresearchers,scientists,officialsinvolvedin seed production and certification, and all other seed professionals working in the publicandprivatesectorsnotonlyinIndiabutelsewheretoo.Wearegratefultoall theexpertswhoreviewedthechaptersmeticulouslyandprovidedcriticalcomments andvaluablesuggestionswhichhelpedimprovethecontents. Preface vii WeexpressourprofoundgratitudetoDr.TrilochanMohapatra,SecretaryDARE, and Director General, ICAR, Min. of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare, Govt. of India,aplantgeneticist,andbreederparexcellence,foraForewordtothebook. We are indebted to our family members for their patience and unconditional support throughout the preparation of this book. Malavika specially thanks Dr. N.K. Dadlani and Ms. Deepika for providing many valuable inputs and technicalhelp. NewDelhi,India MalavikaDadlani June,2022 DevendraK.Yadava Contents SeedQuality:VarietyDevelopmenttoPlanting—AnOverview. . . . . . . 1 S.Sundareswaran,P.RayChoudhury,C.Vanitha, andDevendraK.Yadava SeedDevelopmentandMaturation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 K.V.SripathyandStevenP.C.Groot SeedDormancyandRegulationofGermination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 P.C.Nautiyal,K.Sivasubramaniam,andMalavikaDadlani SeedVigourandInvigoration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 SudiptaBasuandStevenP.C.Groot SeedLongevityandDeterioration. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. 91 UmaraniRanganathanandStevenP.C.Groot PrinciplesofQualitySeedProduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 SanjayKumar,K.V.Sripathy,K.UdayaBhaskar,andBanothVinesh VegetableSeedProduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 VinodK.Pandita,P.M.Singh,andNakulGupta PrinciplesofVarietyMaintenanceforQualitySeedProduction. . . . . . . 153 ElmarA.Weissmann,R.N.Yadav,RakeshSeth,andK.UdayaBhaskar HybridSeedProductionTechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 ShyamalK.Chakrabarty,SudiptaBasu,andW.Schipprach SeedProcessingforQualityUpgradation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 J.P.Sinha,AshwaniKumar,andElmarWeissmann SeedStorageandPackaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 MalavikaDadlani,AnujaGupta,S.N.Sinha,andRaghavendraKavali RoleofSeedCertificationinQualityAssurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 ManjitK.Misra,AdelaideHarries,andMalavikaDadlani iixx x Contents TestingSeedforQuality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 S.RajendraPrasad SeedHealth:TestingandManagement. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 335 KarunaVishunavat,KuppusamiPrabakar,andTheerthagiriAnand MolecularTechniquesforTestingGeneticPurityandSeedHealth. . . . 365 SanthyV.,NagamaniSandra,KundapuraV.Ravishankar,andBhavya Chidambara SeedQualityEnhancement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 ElmarA.Weissmann,K.Raja,ArnabGupta,ManishPatel, andAlexanderBuehler EmergingTrendsandPromisingTechnologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 MalavikaDadlani Editors and Contributors About the Editors Malavika Dadlani is a renowned seed scientist with an active career of four decades in the field of Seed Science and Technology. Educated at some of the most prestigious academic institutions in India, including the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, and Calcutta University, Dr. Dadlani dedicated her entire professional careertoresearchandpostgraduateteachinginseedscienceandtechnologyatIARI, where she held the positions of the Head of the Division of Seed Science and Technology, and the Joint Director (Research). A seed physiologist by training, Dr.Dadlanihasalsomadesignificantcontributionstohybridseedproduction,plant variety identification, and purity testing and supervised the postgraduate and doc- toralresearchof21studentsinthedisciplinesofseedscienceandtechnology,plant physiology,andplantbiotechnology.Shehasmorethan200publications,including papers in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and books. She is a Fellow of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), India, and a recipient of many other recognitions and awards. Dr. Dadlani served as the President of the IndianSocietyofSeedTechnologyandamemberoftheVigourCommittee,ISTA, and presently is the Editor of NAAS. She served as a Consultant at Bioversity International, India Office, and a short-term FAO consultant in the seed programs ofCambodiaandMyanmar. DevendraK.Yadava isanotedplantbreederandseedtechnologistwith26years of research experience, which includes more than 6 years as the Head, Division of Seed Science & Technology atIndianAgricultural Research Institute(IARI),New Delhi. Presently he is the Assistant Director General (Seed), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi. He has contributed to the development andreleaseof21plantvarieties(mustard18;pulses3)whichincludeearlymaturing, lowerucicacidandcanolaoilqualitymustardvarietiesthatprovidedbetterchoiceto both farmers and consumers. Dr. Yadava contributed to the development of state seed rolling plans leading to enhanced seed and varietal replacement rates and significant improvements in the national breeder seed production program. As a xxii