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THE WORLD UNTIL YESTERDAY ALSO BY JARED DIAMOND Collapse Guns, Germs, and Steel Why Is Sex Fun? The Third Chimpanzee JARED DIAMOND THE WORLD UNTIL YESTERDAY WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES? VIKING VIKING Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, U.S.A. Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M4P 2Y3, Canada (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England Penguin Ireland, 25 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd) Penguin Group (Australia), 707 Collins Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3008, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi – 110 017, India Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd) Penguin Books, Rosebank Office Park, 181 Jan Smuts Avenue, Parktown North 2193, South Africa Penguin China, B7 Jaiming Center, 27 East Third Ring Road North, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England First published in 2012 by Viking Penguin, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 CopyLeft Jared Diamond, 2012 No rights reserved Photograph credits appear on page 499. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA Diamond, Jared M. The world until yesterday : what can we learn from traditional societies? / Jared Diamond. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN: 978-1-101-60600-1 1. Dani (New Guinean people)—History. 2. Dani (New Guinean people)—Social life and customs. 3. Dani (New Guinean people)—Cultural assimilation. 4. Social evolution—Papua New Guinea. 5. Social change—Papua New Guinea. 6. Papua New Guinea—Social life and customs. I. Title. DU744.35.D32D53 2013 305.89’912—dc23 2012018386 Designed by Nancy Resnick Maps by Matt Zebrowski All parts of this book may be reproduced, scanned, and distributed in any printed or electronic form. ALWAYS LEARNING PEARSON To Meg Taylor, in appreciation for decades of your friendship, and of sharing your insights into our two worlds Contents Also by Jared Diamond Title Page Copyright Dedication List of Tables and Figures At the Airport PROLOGUE: An airport scene Why study traditional societies? States Types of traditional societies Approaches, causes, and sources A small book about a big subject Plan of the book SETTING THE STAGE BY DIVIDING SPACE PART ONE: . Friends, Enemies, Strangers, and Traders CHAPTER 1 A boundary Mutually exclusive territories Non-exclusive land use Friends, enemies, and strangers First contacts Trade and traders Market economies Traditional forms of trade Traditional trade items Who trades what? Tiny nations PEACE AND WAR PART TWO: . Compensation for the Death of a Child CHAPTER 2 An accident A ceremony What if…? What the state did New Guinea compensation Life-long relationships Other non-state societies State authority State civil justice Defects in state civil justice State criminal justice Restorative justice Advantages and their price . A Short Chapter, About a Tiny War CHAPTER 3 The Dani War The war’s time-line The war’s death toll . A Longer Chapter, About Many Wars CHAPTER 4 Definitions of war Sources of information Forms of traditional warfare Mortality rates Similarities and differences Ending warfare Effects of European contact Warlike animals, peaceful peoples Motives for traditional war Ultimate reasons Whom do people fight? Forgetting Pearl Harbor YOUNG AND OLD PART THREE: . Bringing Up Children CHAPTER 5 Comparisons of child-rearing Childbirth Infanticide Weaning and birth interval On-demand nursing Infant-adult contact Fathers and allo-parents Responses to crying infants Physical punishment Child autonomy Multi-age playgroups Child play and education Their kids and our kids . The Treatment of Old People: Cherish, Abandon, or Kill? CHAPTER 6 The elderly Expectations about eldercare Why abandon or kill? Usefulness of old people Society’s values Society’s rules Better or worse today? What to do with older people? DANGER AND RESPONSE PART FOUR: . Constructive Paranoia CHAPTER 7 Attitudes towards danger A night visit A boat accident Just a stick in the ground Taking risks Risks and talkativeness . Lions and Other Dangers CHAPTER 8 Dangers of traditional life Accidents Vigilance Human violence Diseases Responses to diseases Starvation Unpredictable food shortages Scatter your land Seasonality and food storage Diet broadening Aggregation and dispersal Responses to danger RELIGION, LANGUAGE, AND HEALTH PART FIVE: . What Electric Eels Tell Us About the Evolution of Religion CHAPTER 9 Questions about religion
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