Sedimentation History in the Arctic Ocean and Subarctic Seas for the Last 130 kyr

399 Pages·2009·11.97 MB·English

by  M. A. Levitan

Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 118
Editors:
J.Reitner,Go¨ttingen
M.H.Trauth,Potsdam
K.Stu¨we,Graz
D.Yuen,USA
FoundingEditors:
G.M.Friedman,BrooklynandTroy
A.Seilacher,Tu¨bingenandYale
·
M.A. Levitan Yu. A. Lavrushin
Sedimentation
History in the
Arctic Ocean and
Subarctic Seas for
the Last 130 kyr
123
Dr.M.A.Levitan Dr.Yu.A.Lavrushin
RussianAcademyofSciences RussianAcademyofSciences
VernadskyInst.Geochemistry Inst.Geology
AnalyticalChemistry Pyzhevskyper.7
KosyginaStr.19 Moscow
Moscow Russia119017
Russia119991 [email protected]
[email protected]
ISSN0930-0317
ISBN978-3-642-00287-8 e-ISBN978-3-642-00288-5
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-00288-5
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009926693
(cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2009
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis
concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,
reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication
orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,
1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violations
areliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot
imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotective
lawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Coverdesign:Bauer,Thomas
Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
Contents
PartI GeologicalandPaleoecologicalEventsoftheLatePleistoceneand
HoloceneinNorthernEurasia
1 GeologicalandPaleoecologicalEventsoftheLatePleistocenealong
EurasianCoastalAreasoftheArcticOcean ....................... 3
GeneralUpperPleistoceneStratigraphicSchemeforNorthernEurasia ... 3
DurationoftheMikulinoInterglaciation ............................ 5
Correlation of the Natural Events Correlative with MIS 5d–5a
inNorthernWestEuropeandNorthwesternRussia.................... 6
2 LatePleistoceneGeologic-PaleoecologicalEventsintheNorthof
EuropeanRussia ............................................... 11
Relationship between Land and Sea Areas during the Mikulino
InterglacialinNorthernEurasia.................................... 11
GeneticTypesofContinentalSediments ............................ 14
MarineSedimentsoftheBorealTransgressionintheNorthofEuropean
Russia......................................................... 15
3 Main Geologic-Paleoecological Events
of the Late Pleistocene in the North
ofWesternSiberia.............................................. 31
4 Geologic-Paleoecological Events of the Late Pleistocene in the
Northern-SiberianLowlandandTaimyrPeninsula................. 37
5 The Late Glacial Time and Holocene
ofNorthernEurasia ............................................ 43
6 OutlinesoftheLatePleistoceneandHoloceneHistoryoftheEast
ArcticSeas .................................................... 47
7 TheDeglaciationTimeandHoloceneofNorthernEurasia .......... 57
v
vi Contents
PartII MarineSedimentationintheArcticOceanandSubarcticSeas
8 TheSeasofWestSubarcticRegion ............................... 61
GeologicandOceanographicSetting ............................... 61
HistoryofSedimentation ......................................... 68
HistoryofSedimentationRates ................................. 68
HistoryofSedimentationontheVøringPlateauDuringtheLast25ka 88
History of Sedimentation at the Continental Margin of Eastern
andSouth-EasternGreenlandDuringtheLast130ka............... 107
9 TheArcticOcean...............................................113
RecentEnvironment .............................................113
Morphostructure, Oceanographic and Sea-Ice Setting, Recent
SedimentsandTheirMineralComposition ....................... 113
FaciesVariationsofHoloceneSedimentsontheYermakPlateau
(AccordingtoStudyDataof>63mkmFraction) .................. 124
HistoryofSedimentation .........................................136
HistoryofSedimentationRatesDuringtheLast130ka .............136
HistoryofSedimentationontheYermakPlateauDuring
theLast190ka............................................... 148
Organic-Geochemical Sediment Studies of the Eastern Part
oftheCentralArctic .......................................... 173
10 TheWesternArcticSeas ........................................177
RecentSedimentationEnvironment ................................177
TheBarentsSea..............................................177
TheKaraSea ................................................178
SurfaceSedimentsofthePechoraSea............................179
SurfaceSedimentsofSt.AnnaTrough ...........................186
Facies Zonality of Surface Sediments in the Eastern
KaraSea.................................................... 194
HistoryofSedimentation .........................................210
Late-andPost-GlacialHistoryofSedimentationintheEasternPart
oftheBarentsSea ............................................ 210
Holocene Sedimentation History in the Southern Novaya
ZemlyaTrough .............................................. 224
History of Sedimentation in the Pechora Sea During the Late
PleistoceneandHolocene...................................... 241
LightFractionMineralogyoftheUpperQuaternarySedimentsfrom
theSaintAnnaTroughandItsPaleoceanographicInterpretation ..... 247
HoloceneHistoryofYeniseiRiverDischarge .....................256
HoloceneHistoryofObRiverDischarge .........................272
Contents vii
11 EasternArcticSeas.............................................289
RecentSedimentationEnvironment ................................289
TheLaptevSea ..............................................289
TheEastSiberianSea .........................................290
TheChukchiSea .............................................291
HistoryofSedimentation .........................................291
History of Sedimentation in the Laptev Sea During the Late
WeichseliantoHolocenebyGeophysicalandGeochemicalData..... 292
Holocene History of the Lena and Other Rivers Discharge
intheLaptevSea............................................. 295
OrganicGeochemicalDataAboutSedimentationHistoryAlong
the Continental Slope of the East Siberian Sea During the Last
ClimaticCycle............................................... 297
PreliminaryDataAboutAccumulationofDiatom-BearingClayey
SiltsattheChukchiSeaShelf .................................. 298
12 SeasoftheEasternSubarctic ....................................301
RecentSedimentationEnvironment ................................301
HistoryofSedimentation .........................................307
HistoryofSedimentationintheDeep-WaterPartoftheShirshov
Ridge(BeringSea)DuringtheLastThreeMarine-IsotopeStages .... 307
HistoryofSedimentationintheNorthernSeaofOkhotskDuringthe
Last1.1Ma ................................................. 310
PartIII TheLatePleistocenePaleogeographicEventsofNorthernEurasia
andHistoryofSedimentationintheSubarcticSeasandtheArcticOceanin
RelationtotheNorthernHemisphereGlaciationduringtheLastClimatic
Cycle
13 CharacteristicFeaturesoftheMikulinoLandscapes................333
14 ResultsofPaleoclimateStudies...................................337
15 ParticularitiesofSedimentationProcessesWithintheContinental
BlocksandMarineBasins .......................................345
DeglaciationPeculiarities.........................................345
FaciesVariabilityduringGlaciations,Deglaciations,Interglacials .......349
GeologicalHistoryoftheArcticOceanSeaIceduringtheLast60ka ....350
IntercouplingofAtmo-,Hydro-,Cryo-,Bio-,andLithospheres .........353
References........................................................357
Index ............................................................381
List of Figures
1.1 Oxygen-isotoperecordsofthelowerpartsoftheGRIPandGISP2
Greenlandicecores(Johnsenetal.,1995)........................ 6
1.2 Climatostratigraphic scheme of main natural events of the
Late Pleistocene (by Yu A. Lavrushin, based on (Behre, 1989;
Spiridonova,1983;Mangerud,1989).Palynological,geologicaland
geomorphologicaldataareusedqualitatively ..................... 7
2.1 SchematicdistributionmapoftheKarelianInterglacialsea(Biske,
1959). 1 – coast lines; 2 – sea; 3 – locations of interglacial
sedimentary sections with paleontological characteristics;
4 – locations of interglacial sedimentary sections without
paleontologicalcharacteristics.................................. 12
2.2 Distribution of the interglacial boreal transgression (Lavrova
and Troitsky, 1960). 1 – marine boreal transgression waters;
2–freshenedbays;3–watersofEemiantransgression............. 13
2.3 Boreal sea on the Russian North (according to S.L. Troitsky
(1964)). 1 – territories covered by boreal sea during the
maximaltransgression;2–BalticBasinduringthetransgression
maximum;3–freshenedareas;4–8–boundariesofdistribution
ofzoogeographicgroupsandindividualspeciesofmollusksand
barnacles: 4 – Lusitanian (south-boreal) species; 5 – Mactra
elliptica,6–Cardiumedule, 7–Pholascrispatus,8–Cyprinarina
islandica;9–basins(I–WhiteSea,II–Pechora,III–WestSiberia,
IV–Taimyr) ................................................ 14
2.4 ExtensionoftheLateValdayIceSheetduringthedeglaciation
(LavrovandPotapenko,2005),simplified.A–BarentsSea-Novaya
Zemlya-Kara Sea Ice Sheet. I–IX – lobes: I – Kozhvinskaya;
II – Lyzhskaya; III – Laisko-Izhemskaya; IV – Pechorskaya;
V–Kolvinskaya;VI–Malozemel’skaya;VII–Bol’shezemel’skaya;
VIII–Kuloisko-Mezenskaya;IX–Cho¨shskaya.B–Scandinavian
IceSheet.I–V–lobes:I–Verkhnemezenskaya;II–Vashskaya;
III–Pinezhskaya;IV–Severodvinskaya;V–Vazhskaya........... 28
3.1 Paleogeographicschemeofglaciationandmarinetransgression
boundariesinnorthernWestSiberiaandtheNorthSiberianLowland
ix
x ListofFigures
during the Late Pleistocene (Arkhipov, 2000). 1 – Kazantzev
Sea (MIS 5e); 2 – Kargin Sea (MIS 3.1 and 3.3); 3 – location
ofsediments:a–wellstudiedKazantzevsediments;b–Kargin
sediments; 4 – boundary of Sartan Glaciation (MIS 2); 5 –
Lokhpodgortmotions(MIS3.2);6–boundaryofYermakGlaciation
(MIS4)..................................................... 32
4.1 MainelementsoftheTaimyrglacialmorpho-sculpture(Anthropogen
ofTaimyr,1982).(MuruktinianGlaciation,NorthSiberianStage):
1 – moraine swells: a – pressure moraines; b – bulkload
moraines; 2–3 – deglaciation time for Muructinian Ice Cover:
2–fracture-kameswellsandelevatedmassifs;3–kameterraces;
SeverokokorskayaStage:4–pressure-bulkloadmarginalfeatures;
5–sag-and-swelltopographyofthe“dead”icefields;6–kame
terraces;7–risesofinterlobemassifs;8–inter-tonguemassifs;
9–12–SartanianGlaciation,KaraulianPhase:9–pressure-bulkload
marginalfeatures;10–risesofinterlobemassifs;11–inter-tongue
massifs;12–kameterraces;13–N’yapanskayaPhase:a–marginal
pressure-bulkloadandbulkloadfeatures,b–intertonguemassifs;
14–Noril’skayaPhase:bulkloadmarginalfeaturesinthefoothill
ofPutoranPlateau;15–21–elementsofglacialmorpho-sculpture
deciphered at radiolocation images on the Northern Taimyr:
15–proposedmarginalglacialfeaturesonthenorthofTaimyr;
16–crestsofproposedend-moraineswells;17–areasofhilly
topography;18–areascoveredbythicksequenceofquestionable
glacialdeposits;19–areaswithtracesofglacialexaration,partly
coveredbyquestionableglacialdeposits;20–areasnotcoveredby
loosedepositsbutwithcleartracesofexarationtreatment;21–areas
without clear exaration traces but with erratics on the surface;
22–crestsofend-moraineswells;23–troughs;24–risesofNorth
SiberianLowlandcomposedfromhardrockandpossiblywerenot
coveredbyice;25–north-westernTaimyrwithonlyvalley-net
glaciationintheLatePleistocene;26–bottomofglacialdepressions
withmarine,lacustrineandpartiallyfluvialsediments;27–profile
lines;28–glacierswells:I–Urdakhskaya;II–Sakshsinskaya;
III–Severokokorskaya;IV–Dzhangodskaya;V–Syntabul’skaya;
VI–Bai-kuranerskaya;VII–Mokorittskie;VIII–UpperTaimyr;
IX–NorthTaimyr;X–N’yapanskaya........................... 38
4.2 Marginal glacial features and source petrographic provinces
(AnthropogenofTaimyr,1982).1–boundariesofpre-Cenozoic
petrographicprovinces;2–9–petrographicprovinces:2–North
Taimyr(ProterozoicandArcheangranites,gneisses,greenstone
shales, limestones, dolomites), 3 – Byrranga (Upper Paleozoic
sandstones,siltstones(P)andlimestones(C),4–Yenisei-Khatanga
(Mesozoic sands and sandstones (K), 5 – Putoran-Vilyui
(Mesozoictrapps),6–Kotui(Cambrian-Silurianlimestonesand
ListofFigures xi
dolomites),7,8–Anabar:7–Archeangranitoids,8–proterozoic
quartz-feldspar sandstones of Mukun Serie, 9 – intrusions of
subalcalinebasaltoids;10,11–largefeaturesofglacialtopography
of marginal accumulation zone: 10 – sag-and-swell and swell
topography, swells and massifs, 11 – small terminal moraine
swells;12–13–boundaries:12–maximaldevelopmentofZyryan
Glaciation,13–thestudieareaofcompositionofglacialdeposits,
clasticmatterandproductsofitsrewashing....................... 40
8.1 SchemeoftheNordicSeasbottomtopography(Vogt,1986) ........ 62
8.2 Surfacewatermasses,mainsurfacecurrents,andsea-icemarginsin
theNordicSeas(Hald,2001).1–4–surfacewaters:1–Coastal,
2–Arctic,3–Atlantic,4–Polar;5,6–sea-icemargins:5–in
summer,6–inwinter;7,8–surfacecurrents:7–warm,8–cold.... 63
8.3 LithologyofsurfacesedimentsintheNordicSeas(Vogt,1986).
1–marlymudwithoutIRD;2–sandyclay;3–clayeymud ........ 64
8.4 Amount of IRD (a), size of its largest fragments (b), and its
lithologicalvariability(c)intheHoloceneandUpperPleistocene
sedimentsoftheNordicSeas(Bischof,2000)..................... 66
8.5 MapsofsmectitedistributioninthesurfacesedimentsoftheNordic
Seas (compiled by M.A. Levitan, based on data from (Berner,
1991)).1–bottomcurrents,2–surfacecurrents .................. 67
8.6 Locationofsedimentcoreswithestablishedstratigraphyinthe
NordicSeas ................................................. 69
8.7 Recentsedimentationrates(SR)intheNordicSeas(cm/ky)(Paetsch
etal.,1992),modifiedbyM.A.Levitan .......................... 75
8.8 MIS1sedimentationrates(SR)intheNordicSeas(cm/ky)(fordata
sourceseetext) .............................................. 76
8.9 MIS2sedimentationrates(SR)intheNordicSeas(cm/ky)(fordata
sourceseetext) .............................................. 77
8.10 MIS3sedimentationrates(SR)intheNordicSeas(cm/ky)(fordata
sourceseetext) .............................................. 78
8.11 MIS4sedimentationrates(SR)intheNordicSeas(cm/ky)(fordata
sourceseetext) .............................................. 79
8.12 MIS5sedimentationrates(SR)intheNordicSeas(cm/ky)(fordata
sourceseetext) .............................................. 80
8.13 MIS5a-dsedimentationrates(SR)intheNordicSeas(cm/ky)(for
datasourceseetext) .......................................... 81
8.14 MIS5esedimentationrates(SR)intheNordicSeas(cm/ky)(for
datasourceseetext) .......................................... 82
8.15 RatiooficevolumeintheNorthernHemisphere(dark)(Loutre,
Berger,2003)andaveragesedimentationratesintheNordicSeas
(light)forthelastfiveMIS(conventionalunits)(Levitanetal.,2007a) 86
8.16 Location of studied sediment cores in the Vøring Plateau area
(Levitanetal.,2005b) ........................................ 89