Sedimentary Basin Tectonics from the Black Sea and Caucasus to the Arabian Platform - Special Publication 340 (Geological Society Special Publication)

509 Pages·2010·25.3 MB·English

by  M. Sosson

Sedimentary Basin Tectonics from the Black Sea
and Caucasus to the Arabian Platform
The Geological Society of London
Books Editorial Committee
ChiefEditor
BOB PANKHURST (UK)
SocietyBooksEditors
JOHN GREGORY (UK)
JIM GRIFFITHS (UK)
JOHN HOWE (UK)
RICK LAW (USA)
PHIL LEAT (UK)
NICK ROBINS (UK)
RANDELL STEPHENSON (UK)
SocietyBooksAdvisors
MIKE BROWN (USA)
ERIC BUFFETAUT (FRANCE)
JONATHAN CRAIG (ITALY)
RETO GIERE´ (GERMANY)
TOM MCCANN (GERMANY)
DOUG STEAD (CANADA)
MAARTEN DE WIT (SOUTH AFRICA)
Geological Society books refereeing procedures
TheSocietymakeseveryefforttoensurethatthescientificandproductionqualityofitsbooksmatchesthat
ofitsjournals.Since1997,allbookproposalshavebeenrefereedbyspecialistreviewersaswellasbythe
Society’sBooksEditorialCommittee. Ifthe refereesidentify weaknesses inthe proposal,these mustbe
addressedbeforetheproposalisaccepted.
Once the book is accepted, the Society Book Editors ensure that the volume editors follow strict
guidelineson refereeingand qualitycontrol.Weinsistthatindividualpaperscanonlybeacceptedafter
satisfactoryreviewbytwoindependentreferees.Thequestionsonthereviewformsaresimilartothosefor
JournaloftheGeologicalSociety.Thereferees’formsandcommentsmustbeavailabletotheSociety’s
BookEditorsonrequest.
Althoughmanyofthebooksresultfrommeetings,theeditorsareexpectedtocommissionpapersthat
werenotpresentedatthemeetingtoensurethatthebookprovidesabalancedcoverageofthesubject.Being
acceptedforpresentationatthemeetingdoesnotguaranteeinclusioninthebook.
MoreinformationaboutsubmittingaproposalandproducingabookfortheSocietycanbefoundonits
website:www.geolsoc.org.uk.
Itisrecommendedthatreferencetoallorpartofthisbookshouldbemadeinoneofthefollowingways:
SOSSON, M., KAYMAKCI, N., STEPHENSON, R. A., BERGERAT, F. & STAROSTENKO, V. (eds) 2010.
Sedimentary Basin Tectonics from the Black Sea and Caucasus to the Arabian Platform. Geological
Society,London,SpecialPublications,340.
YEGOROVA,T.,BARANOVA,E.&OMELCHENKO,V.2010.ThecrustalstructureoftheBlackSeafrom
thereinterpretationofdeepseismicsoundingdataacquiredinthe1960s.In:SOSSON,M.,KAYMAKCI,N.,
STEPHENSON, R. A., BERGERAT, F. & STAROSTENKO, V. (eds) Sedimentary Basin Tectonics from the
BlackSeaandCaucasustotheArabianPlatform.GeologicalSociety,London,SpecialPublications,340,
43–56.
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO.340
Sedimentary Basin Tectonics from the Black Sea
and Caucasus to the Arabian Platform
EDITED BY
M. SOSSON
University of Nice-SophiaAntipolis, France
N. KAYMAKCI
Middle East Technical University, Turkey
R. A. STEPHENSON
University of Aberdeen, UK
F. BERGERAT
CNRS,France
and
V. STAROSTENKO
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
2010
Published by
The Geological Society
London
THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
TheGeologicalSocietyofLondon(GSL)wasfoundedin1807.Itistheoldestnationalgeologicalsocietyintheworld
andthelargestinEurope.ItwasincorporatedunderRoyalCharterin1825andisRegisteredCharity210161.
TheSocietyistheUKnationallearnedandprofessionalsocietyforgeologywithaworldwideFellowship(FGS)of
over9000.TheSocietyhasthepowertoconferCharteredstatusonsuitablyqualifiedFellows,andabout2000ofthe
Fellowship carry the title (CGeol). Chartered Geologists may also obtain the equivalent European title, European
Geologist(EurGeol).OnefifthoftheSociety’sfellowshipresidesoutsidetheUK.TofindoutmoreabouttheSociety,
logontowww.geolsoc.org.uk.
The Geological Society PublishingHouse(Bath,UK) producesthe Society’sinternationaljournalsandbooks,
and acts as European distributor for selected publications of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists
(AAPG), the Indonesian Petroleum Association (IPA), the Geological Society of America (GSA), the Society for
Sedimentary Geology (SEPM) and the Geologists’ Association (GA). Joint marketing agreements ensure that GSL
Fellows may purchase these societies’ publications at a discount. The Society’s online bookshop (accessible from
www.geolsoc.org.uk)offerssecurebookpurchasingwithyourcreditordebitcard.
TofindoutaboutjoiningtheSocietyandbenefitingfromsubstantialdiscountsonpublicationsofGSLandother
societiesworldwide,consultwww.geolsoc.org.uk,orcontacttheFellowshipDepartmentat:TheGeologicalSociety,
Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG: Tel. þ44 (0)20 7434 9944; Fax þ44 (0)20 7439 8975; E-mail:
[email protected].
ForinformationabouttheSociety’smeetings,consultEventsonwww.geolsoc.org.uk.Tofindoutmoreaboutthe
Society’sCorporateAffiliatesScheme,[email protected].
PublishedbyTheGeologicalSocietyfrom:
TheGeologicalSocietyPublishingHouse,Unit7,BrassmillEnterpriseCentre,BrassmillLane,BathBA13JN,UK
(Orders: Tel. þ44(0)1225445046,Fax þ44(0)1225442836)
Onlinebookshop:www.geolsoc.org.uk/bookshop
Thepublishersmakenorepresentation,expressorimplied,withregardtotheaccuracyoftheinformationcontainedin
thisbookandcannotacceptanylegalresponsibilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.
# The Geological Society of London 2010. All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission.Noparagraphofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedor
transmitted save with the provisions of The Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street,
LondonEC1N8TS,UK.UsersregisteredwiththeCopyrightClearanceCenter,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA
01923,USA:theitem-feecodeforthispublicationis0305-8719/10/$15.00.
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN978-1-86239-308-0
TypesetbyTechsetCompositionLtd,Salisbury,UK
PrintedbyMPGBooksLtd,Bodmin,UK
Distributors
NorthAmerica
Fortradeandinstitutionalorders:
TheGeologicalSociety,c/oAIDC,82WinterSportLane,Williston,VT05495,USA
Orders: Tel. þ1800-972-9892
Fax þ1802-864-7626
E-mail:[email protected]
Forindividualandcorporateorders:
AAPGBookstore,POBox979,Tulsa,OK74101-0979,USA
Orders: Tel. þ1918-584-2555
Fax þ1918-560-2652
E-mail:[email protected]
Website:http://bookstore.aapg.org
India
AffiliatedEast-WestPressPrivateLtd,MarketingDivision,G-1/16AnsariRoad,DaryaGanj,NewDelhi110002,India
Orders: Tel. þ91112327-9113/2326-4180
Fax þ91112326-0538
E-mail:affi[email protected]
Foreword and acknowledgements
Thisvolumebelongstoaseriesoffourregionally- Sosson (CNRS-Universite´ Nice-Sophia Antipolis,
themed Geological Society of London Special Valbonne, France), with the workshops them-
Publications presenting some of the results of selves respectively organized by V. Starostenko,
the Middle East Basin Evolution Programme Institute of Geophysics, National Academy of
(MEBE). The other Special Publications in the Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev) and N. Kaymakci
series are focused on the South Caspian–Central (Middle East Technical University, Ankara,
Iran area (Brunet et al. 2009), the Zagros–East Turkey).
Arabian margin (Leturmy & Robin 2010) and the The editors would like to thank and acknowl-
Levant(Homberg&Bachmann2010). edge the efforts of many colleagues who chose
MEBE was a four-year research consortium to publish their results in this volume and also to
(2003–2006),comprisingamultidisciplinarystudy those who submitted papers that do not appear
of the post-Palaeozoic tectonic evolution of the inthefinalvolume.Asalways,suchabookwould
Middle East, spanning the Arabian–Peri-Arabian not be possible without peer-review and the
and Caucasian–Caspian areas and funded by effortsofthereviewerswhosowillinglycontribu-
several major oil companies and French research tedtheirtimeandexpertiseareverymuchappreci-
organizations(seebelow).ItwasledbyE.Barrier ated. These include (with apologies if anyone has
(CNRS-Universite´ Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, beeninadvertentlymissed):S.Adamia,Ph.Agard,
France) and M. Gaetani (University of Milan, A. Aldanmaz, M. Allen, J. Angelier, K. Atakan,
Italy).More detailscanbefoundin the prefaceof E. Barrier, N. Bragin, M.-F. Brunet, M. Burianyk,
Brunetetal.(2009). R. Carbonell, J. Cartwright, M. Chiari, B. Davis,
Workshops were a key element of MEBE R. Ebert, S. Egan, C. Homberg, B. H. Jacobsen,
for integrating and synthesizing the programme’s R. Klemd, A. Okay, B. Ma¨chtle, M. Bielik,
diverse, multidisciplinary results. This volume M. Grad, L. Matenco, T. McCann, J. Mosar,
evolved from two such workshops: in Kiev in A. Nikishin, G. Nolet, L. Popescu, A. Robertson,
February 2006 by MEBE’s Black Sea Working Y. Rolland, R. Sachsenhofer, A. Saintot,
Group, led by R. Stephenson (VU University A. Tremblay, S. Vandycke, J. Woodside,
Amsterdam, Netherlands; now University of E.Yig˘itbas¸andA.Zanchi.
Aberdeen, UK) and in Ankara in September 2006 Thefollowingcompaniesandorganizationsare
by the Caucasus Working Group, led by M. thankedforfundingtheMEBEProgramme.
References
BRUNET, M.-F., WILMSEN, M. & GRANATH, J. W. since the Mesozoic. Geological Society, London,
(eds) 2009. South Caspian to Central Iran Basins. SpecialPublications,341.
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, LETURMY, P. & ROBIN, C. (eds) 2010. Tectonic and
312. Stratigraphic Evolution of Zagros and Makran
HOMBERG,C.&BACHMANN,M.(eds)2010.Evolution during the Mesozoic–Cenozoic. Geological Society,
of the Levant Margin and Western Arabia Platform London,SpecialPublications,330.
Contents
Forewordandacknowledgements vii
SOSSON,M.,KAYMAKCI,N.,STEPHENSON,R.,BERGERAT,F.&STAROSTENKO,V. 1
SedimentarybasintectonicsfromtheBlackSeaandCaucasustotheArabianPlatform:
introduction
STEPHENSON,R.&SCHELLART,W.P.TheBlackSeaback-arcbasin:insightstoitsorigin 11
fromgeodynamicmodelsofmodernanalogues
YEGOROVA,T.&GOBARENKO,V.StructureoftheEarth’scrustanduppermantleofthe 23
West-andEast-BlackSeaBasinsrevealedfromgeophysicaldataanditstectonicimplications
YEGOROVA,T.,BARANOVA,E.&OMELCHENKO,V.ThecrustalstructureoftheBlackSea 43
fromthereinterpretationofdeepseismicsoundingdataacquiredinthe1960s
STAROSTENKO,V.I.,RUSAKOV,O.M.,SHNYUKOV,E.F.,KOBOLEV,V.P.&KUTAS,R.I. 57
MethaneinthenorthernBlackSea:characterizationofitsgeomorphologicalandgeological
environments
BERGERAT,F.,VANGELOV,D.&DIMOV,D.Brittledeformation,palaeostressfield 77
reconstructionandtectonicevolutionoftheEasternBalkanides(Bulgaria)duringMesozoic
andCenozoictimes
HIPPOLYTE,J.-C.,MU¨LLER,C.,KAYMAKCI,N.&SANGU,E.DatingoftheBlackSeaBasin: 113
newnannoplanktonagesfromitsinvertedmarginintheCentralPontides(Turkey)
KHRIACHTCHEVSKAIA,O.,STOVBA,S.&STEPHENSON,R.Cretaceous–Neogenetectonic 137
evolutionofthenorthernmarginoftheBlackSeafromseismicreflectiondataandtectonic
subsidenceanalysis
KONERDING,C.,DINU,C.&WONG,H.K.Seismicsequencestratigraphy,structureand 159
subsidencehistoryoftheRomanianBlackSeashelf
MCCANN,T.,CHALOT-PRAT,F.&SAINTOT,A.TheEarlyMesozoicevolutionoftheWestern 181
GreaterCaucasus(Russia):Triassic–Jurassicsedimentaryandmagmatichistory
ADAMIA,SH.,ALANIA,V.,CHABUKIANI,A.,CHICHUA,G.,ENUKIDZE,O.&SADRADZE,N. 239
EvolutionoftheLateCenozoicbasinsofGeorgia(SWCaucasus):areview
MOSAR,J.,KANGARLI,T.,BOCHUD,M.,GLASMACHER,U.A.,RAST,A.,BRUNET,M.-F.& 261
SOSSON,M.Cenozoic–RecenttectonicsandupliftintheGreaterCaucasus:aperspectivefrom
Azerbaijan
USTAO¨MER,T.&ROBERTSON,A.H.F.LatePalaeozoic–EarlyCenozoictectonicdevelopment 281
oftheEasternPontides(Artvinarea),Turkey:stagesofclosureofTethysalongthesouthern
marginofEurasia
SOSSON,M.,ROLLAND,Y.,MU¨LLER,C.,DANELIAN,T.,MELKONYAN,R.,KEKELIA,S., 329
ADAMIA,S.,BABAZADEH,V.,KANGARLI,T.,AVAGYAN,A.,GALOYAN,G.&MOSAR,J.
Subductions,obductionandcollisionintheLesserCaucasus(Armenia,Azerbaijan,Georgia),
newinsights
vi CONTENTS
ROLLAND,Y.,GALOYAN,G.,SOSSON,M.,MELKONYAN,R.&AVAGYAN,A.TheArmenian 353
Ophiolite:insightsforJurassicback-arcformation,LowerCretaceoushotspotmagmatismand
UpperCretaceousobductionovertheSouthArmenianBlock
DANELIAN,T.,ASATRYAN,G.,SAHAKYAN,L.,GALOYAN,GH.,SOSSON,M.&AVAGYAN,A. 383
NewandrevisedradiolarianbiochronologyforthesedimentarycoverofophiolitesintheLesser
Caucasus(Armenia)
AVAGYAN,A.,SOSSON,M.,KARAKHANIAN,A.,PHILIP,H.,REBAI,S.,ROLLAND,Y., 393
MELKONYAN,R.&DAVTYAN,V.RecenttectonicstressevolutionintheLesserCaucasusand
adjacentregions
KAYMAKCI,N.,INCEO¨Z,M.,ERTEPINAR,P.&KOc¸,A.LateCretaceoustoRecentkinematics 409
ofSEAnatolia(Turkey)
KUSCU,I.,KUSCU,G.G.,TOSDAL,R.M.,ULRICH,T.D.&FRIEDMAN,R.Magmatismin 437
thesoutheasternAnatolianorogenicbelt:transitionfromarctopost-collisionalsettinginan
evolvingorogen
OBERHA¨NSLI,R.,CANDAN,O.,BOUSQUET,R.,RIMMELE,G.,OKAY,A.&GOFF,J.Alpine 461
highpressureevolutionoftheeasternBitliscomplex,SETurkey
O¨ZACAR,A.A.,ZANDT,G.,GILBERT,H.&BECK,S.L.Seismicimagesofcrustalvariations 485
beneaththeEastAnatolianPlateau(Turkey)fromteleseismicreceiverfunctions
Index 497
Sedimentary basin tectonics from the Black Sea and Caucasus to
the Arabian Platform: introduction
MARCSOSSON1*,NURETDINKAYMAKCI2,RANDELLSTEPHENSON3,
FRANC¸OISEBERGERAT4&VITALYSTAROSTENKO5
1UniversityofNice-SophiaAntipolis,CNRS,OCA,UMRGe´oazur,250rueA.Einstein,
06560Valbonne,France
2MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity,DepartmentofGeologicalEngineering,
06531-Ankara,Turkey
3UniversityofAberdeen,SchoolofGeosciences,MestonBuilding,King’sCollege,
AberdeenAB243UE,UK
4CNRS,UMR7193,ISTeP,Case117,4placeJussieu,F-75252Pariscedex05,France
5NationalAcademyofSciencesofUkraine,InstituteofGeophysics,Kiev,Ukraine
*Correspondingauthor(e-mail:[email protected])
Abstract: The Palaeozoic to recent evolution of the Tethys system gave way to the largest
mountain chain of the world extending from the Atlantic to Pacific oceans – the Alpine–
HimalayanMountainchain,whichisstilldevelopingasaresultofcollisionandnorthwardscon-
vergenceofcontinentalblocksincludingApuliainthewest,theAfro-ArabianPlateinthemiddle
andtheIndianPlateintheeast.ThisSpecialPublicationaddressesthemainproblemsofthemiddle
partofthissystemincorporatingtheBalkans,BlackSeaandGreaterCaucasusinthenorthandthe
Afro-ArabianPlateinthesouth.SincetheEarlyMesozoicanumberofsmalltolargescaleoceanic
basinsopenedandclosedastheinterveningcontinentalfragmentsdriftednorthwardsanddiachro-
nouslycollidedwithandaccretedtothesouthernmarginoftheEurasianPlate.Despitetheremark-
ableconsequencesofthis,intermsofsubduction,obductionandorogenicprocesses,littleisknown
aboutthetimingandpalaeogeographicevolutionoftheregion.Thisincludestheamountsofshort-
eningandinterplaybetweensynconvergentextensionandcompression,developmentofmagmatic
arcandarc-relatedbasinsandthetimingandmechanismoftheirdeformation.Thechapterspre-
sentedinthisSpecialPublicationpresentnewinformationthathelptofillsomeofthegapsof
thepuzzle.
Thetectonichistoryofthesedimentarybasinsofthe RegionaltectonicissuesintheBlack
Black Sea–Caucasus and surrounding areas and
Sea–Caucasus–ArabianPlatformcorridor
thegeodynamicprocessesgoverningtheformation
and deformation of these basins, as well as the
development of related mountain belts, correspon- The Alpine–Himalayan belt evolved through a
ded to the goals of two thematic working groups seriesoftectoniceventsrelatedtotheopeningand
of the Middle East Basin Evolution (MEBE) Pro- closingoftheTethysOcean,producingthelargest
gramme(BlackSeaandCaucasusworkinggroups mountain belt of the world, running from the
ledbyR.StephensonandM.Sossonrespectively). AtlantictothePacificoceans.Thebasinsassociated
The scientific results of these working groups, withthisbeltcontaininvaluableinformationrelated
whichformthecontentsofthisSpecialPublication, to mountain-building processes and are also the
along with some complementary studies that took locusofrichhydrocarbonaccumulations;however,
place outside MEBE (e.g. Adamia et al. 2010; knowledge about the geological evolution of
Kuscuetal.2010;O¨zacaretal.2010;Ustao¨mer& theregionislimitedcomparedtowhatisultimately
Robertson 2010), are briefly summarized and col- available.Thishasbeenmainlyduetothedifficulty
lectively discussed in terms of the key objectives and inaccessibility of cross-country studies.
of the MEBE programme in the Black Sea– This Special Publication is dedicated in part to
Caucasusarea. redressing this situation in the segment of the
From:Sosson,M.,Kaymakci,N.,Stephenson,R.A.,Bergerat,F.&Starostenko,V.(eds)SedimentaryBasin
TectonicsfromtheBlackSeaandCaucasustotheArabianPlatform.GeologicalSociety,London,SpecialPublications,
340,1–10. DOI:10.1144/SP340.1 0305-8719/10/$15.00#TheGeologicalSocietyofLondon2010.
2 M.SOSSONETAL.
Alpine–Himalayan belt running from Bulgaria to theCrimeanOrogenyandtherelationshipof
ArmeniaandfromUkrainetotheArabianPlatform these, for example, with the crust of the
(Figs1&2). Transcaucasusarea.
Consideringthedegreeofambiguityandnumber (2) The significance of Cimmerian ‘Orogeny’
ofconflictingmodelsproposedfortheregion,many tectonicsthroughouttheBlackSea–Caucasus
fundamental issues pertaining to the evolution of area, as expressed by the reportedly
sedimentarybasinsandmountainbeltsremaintobe widespread occurrence of various Late
(re)solved.ItwastheaimoftheMEBEprogramme Triassic–Jurassic unconformities. The ‘mid-
to elucidate some of these issues using modern Cimmerian’ unconformity wasthought to be
methodsandideas.AttheoutsetoftheMEBEpro- the most profound. A key question that was
gramme,projectteamsworkingintheBlackSea– asked was whether Cimmerian tectonic
Caucasus region identified four main themes for events were related to continental collision
attention and elucidation, involving four broad orratheraresponseto(minor?)plategeome-
periods of distinct tectonic evolution of this area. try reorganizations and/or to subduction-
These,fromoldesttoyoungest,wereasfollows. accretion ‘anomalies’ broadly affecting the
kinematicsofconvergence.
(1) How pre-Cimmerian tectonics may have or (3) Cretaceous extensional tectonics, being the
may not have controlled or influenced the mainphaseofdevelopmentoftheBlackSea
subsequent deformational history of the basin,anditsrelationshipwithearlier exten-
BlackSea–Caucasusarea.Thereisconsider- sional events in the Jurassic (and earlier)
able uncertainty regarding the geometry and such as the Greater Caucasus (and, further
evolution of the southern margin of Europe afield, South Caspian) basin. The Black Sea
generally during the Palaeozoic and Early is generally interpreted as a back-arc basin
Mesozoic. Itappears as thoughthere was no but, in fact, fundamental issues such as the
Late Palaeozoic accretionary event (i.e. presence or absence of a related magmatic
‘ScythianOrogeny’),addingtotheEuropean arc and the orientation of the related sub-
continent,butthatwidespreadextensionaltec- ductionzoneremainvagueatbest.Thereare
tonics of older crustal basement prevailed obvious implications for the geometry of
throughoutmuchoftheBlackSea–Caucasus extension and rifting within the western and
areaduringthistime.Alliedtothisareissues eastern Black Sea basins and the role of
suchasthecrustalaffinityofthemid–Black broaderplateconfigurationandkinematicsin
Sea ridge and the nature of the basement of controllingthis.
Fig.1. ShadedreliefimageobtainedfromSRTMdata(www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm)andapproximatelocationsofthe
paperspresentedinthisvolume.