Sedimentary and Evolutionary Cycles

470 Pages·1985·14.041 MB·English

by  U. Bayer, A. Seilacher (auth.), Dr. Ulf Bayer, Prof. Adolf Seilacher (eds.)

Lecture Notes ni
Earth Sciences
detidE yb Gerald .M namdeirF
1
yratnemideS
and Evolutionary Cycles
detidE yb fIU reyaB dna Adolf rehcalieS
galreV-regnirpS
Berlin Heidelberg weN York oykoT
srotidE
.rD UIf Bayer
Prof. Adolf Setlacher
Instltut for Geologte dnu Tubmgen der Universlt~t Pal~ontologle
Sigwartstr. ,01 D-7400 T0bmgen, .G.RE
ISBN 3-540-13982-6 Berhn Sprmger-Verlag grebledLeH New York oykoT
ISBN 0-38?-13982-6 Sprmger-Verlag New Heidelberg York Berhn oykoT
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Preface
This volume is the outcome of a Symposium
held at Tffbingen Sept. 15.-17. 1983 which
was sponsored by the DFG and the 'Sonder-
forschungsbereich 53'. It provides a final
report of the project B20: "Bankungs-
rhythmen in sedimentologischer, ~kologi-
scher und diagenetischer Sicht" (directed
by .U Bayer) although research continues
until the end of 1@84 and then will be
briefly summarized elsewhere.
We are indebted to G.N. McGhee and D.
Bayer for help in preparing this volume,
to .W Wetzel for photographic work, .N
Stephani and .H W6rner for typewriting,
and .D Wiesner for organizing the symposi-
um. We are greatful to the Springer Verlag
for supporting the production of this
volume and, of course, to the authors
for their contributions.
Tffbingen, December 198~
.U Bayer A. Seilacher
CONTENT
Introduction
PART 1
SEA-LEVEL CHANGES: GENERAL CONSEQUENCES
Jurassic Molluscan Migration and Evolution in Relation to Sea Level
Changes
A. HALLAM
Middle Jurassic Ammonite Evolution in the Andean Province
and Emigration to Tethys
G.E.G. WESTERMANN & A. C. RICCARDI
Drastic Changes in Carboniferous Ammonoid Rates of Evolution
J. KULLMANN 35
Ammonite Shell Form and Transgression in the British Lower Jurassic
D.T. DONOVAN 48
The Role of the Environment in the Nautilacea
H. TINTANT & M. KABAMBA 58
PART 2
SEDIMENTARY TRENDS IN MARGINAL EPICONTINENTAL BASINS 67
Response of Sediments to Sea-Level Changes in Differing Subsiding
Storm-Dominated Marginal and Epeiric Basins
G. EINSELE 68
The Local Signature of Sea-Level Changes
G.R. McGHEE & U. BAYER 98
Sea-Level Changes in the Upper Sinemurian and Pliensbachian of
Southern Germany
K. BRANDT 113
Epicontinental Marl-Limestone Alternation: Event Deposition and
Diagenetic Bedding (Upper Jurassic, Southwest Germany)
W. RICKEN 127
PART 3
EVOLUTIONARY AND ECOLOGICAL REPLACEMENTS IN MARGINAL
EPICONTINENTAL SEAS 163
Evolution in Marginal Epicontinental Basins: The Role of Phylogenetic
and Ecological Factors (Ammonite Replacements in the German Lower
and Middle Jurassic)
U. BAYER & G.R. McGHEE 164
Immigration of Cephalopods into the Germanic Muschelkalk Basin
and its Influence on their Suture Line
M. URLICHS & R. MUNDLOS 221
Immigration of Crinoids into the German Muschelkalk Basin
H. HAGDORN 237
PART 4
GASTROPOD EVOLUTION IN LAKES: A PROGRAM 552
Endemic Evolution of Gyraulus kleini in the Steinheim Basin
(Planorbid Snails, Miocene, Southern Germany)
W.-E. REIF 652
Responses of the Plio-Pleistocene Freshwater Gastropods of Kos
(Greece, Aegean Sea) to Environmental Changes
R. WILLMANN 592
The Steinheim Basin as a Paleo - Ancient Lake
A. GORTHNER & C. MEIER-BROOK 223
PART 5
THE LOWER HIERARCHY OF CYCLES: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL
SUBSTRATE GRADIENTS 533
The Jeram Model: Event Condensation in a Modern Intertidal Environment
A. SEILACHER 336
Dynamic Stratigraphy of the Upper Muschetkalk, South-German Basin
T. AIGNER 342
Environmental Evolution in Shallow Epicontinental Seas: Sedimentary Cycles
and Bed Formation
U. BAYER, E. ALTHEIMER & W. DEUTSCHLE 347
Sedimentary Dynamics of Complex Shell Beds: Implications for Ecologic
and Evolutionary Patterns
S.M. KIDWELL & T. AIGNER 382
PART 6
ECOLOGICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL GRADIENTS 693
Upper Cretaceous (Santonian-Maastrichtian) Molluscan Faunal Associations,
British Columbia
P. D. WARD 397
Oyster beds: Morphologic Response to Changing Substrate Conditions
A. SEILACHER, B.A. MATYJA & A. WIERZBOWSKI 421
Ecological Patterns in Middle Jurassic gvyphaea: The Relationship
between Form and Environment
U. BAYER, A.L.A. JOHNSON & J. BRANNAN 436
ADDRESSES 464
INTRODUCTION
In the context of evolutionary studies, it is the privilege of paleontologists to
trace the actual course of evolutionary change over time spans that are adequate for
such a slow process. At the same time it is their crux that they can not always hope
to do this with the resolution necessary to reveal the causal relationships involved.
The T~ibingen Sonderforschungsbereich 53, "PalOkologie", was primarily geared
to study the interrelationships between organisms and environments in the fossil record.
As is pointed out in this volume, such an approach will necessarily emphasize the static
aspect of this relationship, all the more since this is what we need for the practical
purposes of facies recognition. This was clone during a time interval of thirteen years
at the level of individual species and taxonomic groups ("Konstruktions-Morphologie"),
of characteristic facies complexes ("Fossil-Lagerstfitten") and of assemblages ("Fossil--
VergeseIlschaftungen") with the aim to recognize general patterns that persist in spite
of the historical and evolutionary changes in the biosphere.
But as our project came closer to its end, the possible causal relationships between
physical and evolutionary changes became more tangible. This trend is expressed by
symposia devoted to the biological effects of long term tectonic changes (KULLMANN
& SCHONENBERO, eds., 1983) and of short term physical events (EINSELE & SEI-
LACHER, eds., 1982). But in retrospect it appears that the time scales of the environ-
mental changes chosen were either too large or too small to reveal the mechanisms
of evolutionary response.
The present volume is the outcome of a symposium of the projects B 20
("Bankungsrhythmen in sedimentologischer, 6kologischer und diagenetischer Sicht", directed
by U. BAYER), D 40 ("Analoge Oeh~use-Aberrationen bei Ammonoideen", directed by
J. WIEDMANN) and D 60 ("Substratwechsel im marinen Benthos", directed by A. SEI-
LACHER) in September, 1983. tt addresses environmental changes at time scales large
enough to produce more than a local ecological response and short enough to observe
evolutionary and/or migratory changes at the species and genus levels. It also focusses
on basins which by various degrees of isolation provided suitable sites for "evolutionary
experiments", such as lakes and marginal epicontinental basins.
In a way, this book is a successor of the previous one on "Cyclic and event strati-
fication" (EINSELE & SEILACHER, eds., 1982). Small scale cycles and events are the
'primitives' of a sedimentary sequence, the lowermost scale from which it can be deci-
phered. However, medium and long term physical cycles commonly impress sedimentolog-
ical and lithological trends on the stratigraphic column which are accompanied by faunal
replacements and cycles. But since sedimentation is controlled both by physical and
biological processes, which are intercorrelated in complicated ways, we also need to
decode the stratigraphic text. In this effort, paleontological and sedimentological inter-
pretation must go hand in hand. On the 'megascale' of global sea-level changes faunal
and species evolution is triggered by opening and closing of migration pathways, some-
times providing us with malor biostratigraphic boundaries.
As it turns out, however, integrated research and the choice of suitable scales
do not free us from problems of resolution. Thus our inability to distinguish local specia-
tion from ecophenotypic modification and from immigration in the fossil record excludes
definite evolutionary answers even in well studied cases. Nevertheless we hope that
this approach opens a fruitful discussion, in which stratigraphy, systematic paleontology
and paleoecology will be reconciled in a concerted effort to eventually understand
the evolutionary mechanisms of our biosphere.
U. Bayer A. Seilacher
References
Einsele, .G & Seilacher, ,.A eds. 1982: Cyclic and event stratification.
(Springer) Berlin, 536 .pp
Kullmann, ,.J SchSnenberg, R., Wiedmann J., eds. 1982: Subsidenz-Entwicklung
im kantabrischen Variszikum uad an passiven Kontinentalr~ndern der Kreide. Tell
,i Variszikum: .N Jb. Geol. Pal~ont. Abh. 163(2)~ 137-300; Tell ,2 Kreide: N.Jb.
Geol. Pal~ont. Abh. 165(1), 1-183.
PART 1
SEA LEVEL CHANGES:
GENERAL CONSEQUENCES
Concerning biological evolution, there are two main viewpoints:
(1) Organisms depend on other organisms, as predator and prey, and they
are always in competition with individuals of their own species and with
other species. As they move and shift their ecological niches -- which
they define by their existence -- they change the biological environment.
Therefore, other species have to react in the struggle of the fittest,
and thus a small move may initiate a snowball effect commin E hack to its
origin much later and ~brcing it to move again.
if this biological 'Red Queen Hypothesis' is correct, the only task left for
paleontology would be to register the succession of form because any causality
is lost in the biological system, and evolution should appear random. This con-
trasts with paleontological experience and the adaptionist's program which forms
the paleontological leg of this volume.
(2) Species are adapted to certain environments, and they move as these
environments change. The external forces are manifold, such as gradual
plate tectonic changes, or astronomic events that cause short but intensive
bottle neck effects etc.. Between such long term changes and events the
earth provides rather stable environments which allow the biosphere to
adapt and to reach a kind of equilibrium state.
Perfect quietness, however, is also not characteristic for environments.
As major events vanish smaller scale changes and events take over, still altering
environmental conditions. Major forces on this level are sea level changes which
over and over have been recognized in the earth's history. Besides climatic
changes, which are likely to accompany them, major sea-level changes may trigger
~aunal evolution in three ways:
the opening and closing of migration pathways -- geographical isola-
tion on intercontinental levels -- are addressed by the contributions
of A. Hallam and G.E.G. Westermann
the change of evolutionary rates due to variable extensions of en-
vironments is discussed by J. Kullmann
the diversity of faunas controlled by migration and evolutionary
rates is addressed by D.T. Donovan.
These factors are the topic of the first part. However, the possible reac-
tions of the biosphere to such changes depend on the flexibility of species.
Besides this, Tintant 8 Kabamba remind us that the biological potential 'preadap-
ration' of a taxonomic group is another important factor and that our knowledge
of adaptive pathways depends on the available taxonomy.
The always present external perturbations are important in two ways for
marine environments: They dampen the 'Red Queen' oscillations by changing ecolog-
ical relationships between faunas in geological times, and they repeatedly provide
isolated areas allowing for adaptation under slow selection followed by spreading
of the few 'revolutionary organisms' during transgressive times.
JURASSIC MOLLUSCAN MIGRATION
AND EVOLUTION IN RELATION TO
SEA LEVEL CHANGES
A. Hallam
Birmingham
Jurassic sea level exhibited a secular trend, on which were superimposed short-term
oscillations (HALLAM, 1978b), from a low stand at the beginning of the period to a
high stand in the Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian, followed by a reversal to a tow stand at
the end. Analysis of the global distribution of marine bivalve genera indicates broadly
speaking an inverse correlation between sea-level stand and endemicity. High endemi-
city correlates with times of comparative regression and low endemicity (or high cosmo-
politanism) with times of comparative transgression of epicontinental seas. This broad
relationship, which can be matched with marine invertebrate data from other periods,
is readily explained in terms of the comparative freedom of migration of larvae bet-
ween epicontinental seas across the globe, which is obviously facilitated when sea level
is high, but there remains some dispute about the migration pathways.
For most of the Jurassic Pangaea remained a coherent supercontinent. Therefore
the number of possible routes was confined, most obviously to the periphery, with the
northern route being the one utilised by organisms belonging to the Boreal Realm. Of
three possible "Atlantic" routes, that between the southern Andean region and East
Africa was probably not created before the end of the period, while that between
Greenland and Scandinavia excluded Tethyan faunas. Evidence from Jurassic bivalves,
gastropods, ammonites and belemnites suggests that the central Atlantic sector between
Africa and North America, the so-called Hispanic Corridor, operated as an intermittent
shallow epicontinental seaway permitting only restricted intermigration, during the
Pliensbachian-Callovian time interval, with intermigration being relatively free only
during the Toarcian and early Bajocian (HALLAM, 1977, 1983). Not until Oxfordian
times, when the central sector of the Atlantic was opening as rapid sea-floor spreading
commenced, did a distinction between European and East Pacific faunal provinces finally
break down. This was evidently the result of the creation of a true oceanic strait bet-
ween the western Tethys and the proto-Pacific.
With regard to speciation, a general survey of Jurassic bivalve species in Europe
has led to the conclusion that the overwhelmingly predominant mode is one of punctua-
ted equilibria, with only phyletic size increase, which is widespread, being more or
less gradualistie (HALLAM, 1978a). Detailed biometric analysis of species of gryphaea
provides evidence for punctuated equilibria (HALLAM, 1982), phyletic size increase
and morphological trends involving paedomorphosis, a kind of "punctuated gradualism".
In critical cases migration betwen provinces can be ruled out and direct one-to-one
ancestor-descendent relationships between species traced, rendering a strict cladistic
approach to taxonomic distinctions inoperable. A review of the distribution of Gryphaea
species across the world supports migration from centres of origin rather than a vicar-
lance model. Thus the ancestor of the European g. arcuata originated in the late
Triassic of the Arctic, and the European mid Jurassic bilobate lineage originated in
South America,
Among the ammonites, it has long been recognised that the genera of Phytlocera-
tina, which occupied relatively deep water habitats, had longer stratigraphie ranges
than the shallower-water Ammonitina. It appears now that this distinction is even re-
cognisable at species level within the Ammonitina. Thus such well known Liassic ammon-
ites as ~rrKoceras and Liparoceras had longer -ranging species than their respective con-
temporaries CororKceras and Androgynoceras , and facies analysis suggests that they
lived in deeper neritic habitats.
On both a large and small scale, marine regressions, related to regional or global
sea level fails, correlate with episodes of increased extinction rate among both bivalves
and ammonites, and marine transgressions correlate with episodes of radiation of new
groups. Further correlations support a speciation model whereby times of regression
cause a deterioration of the environment, increasing the stress on organisms and promot-
ing the evolutionary strategy known by ecologists as r selection~ while times of trans-
gression promote k selection. Thus new species evolved at times of low sea-Ievel stand
are often smaller than their ancestors, and increased in size phyletically during the
subsequent, environmentally less stressful times of high sea-level stand.
REFERENCES
Hallam, A. 1977: Jurassic bivalve biogeography. Paleobiol. 3, 58-73.
--- 1978a: How rare is phy]etic gradualism? Evidence from 3urassic
bivalves. Pa]eobiol. g, 16-25.
--- t978b: Eustatic cycles in £he Jurassic. Palaeogeogr., Palaeocli-
matol., Palaeoecol. 23, 1-32.
--- 1982: Patterns of speciation in Jurassic Gryphaea. Paleobiol 8,
354-366.
--- 1983: Ear]y and mid-3urassic molluscan biogeography and the
estabtishmen£ of the central Atlantic seaway. Palaeogeogr.~ Pa-
laeoclimatol.~ Palaeoecol. #3, ]82-]93.