Sedentary behavior and health : concepts, assessments, and interventions

456 Pages·2017·15.322 MB·English

by  Owen, Neville, Zhu, Weimo

Sedentary
Behavior
and Health
Concepts, Assessments,
and Interventions
Weimo Zhu, PhD
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Neville Owen, PhD
Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute
and Swinburne University of Technology
Editors
Library of Congress Info
Names: Zhu, Weimo, 1955- editor. | Owen, Neville, editor.
Title: Sedentary behavior and health: concepts, assessments, and interventions / Weimo Zhu, Neville Owen, editors.
Description: Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016015868| ISBN 9781450471282 (print) | ISBN 9781492538080 (ebook)
Subjects: | MESH: Sedentary Lifestyle | Health Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Motor Activity | Exercise
Classification: LCC RA776.95 | NLM W 85 | DDC 613--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016015868
ISBN: 978-1-4504-7128-2 (print)
Copyright © 2017 by Weimo Zhu and Neville Owen. Copyright claim excludes chapters 8 and 14, which are works of
the U.S. Government.
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TToo tthhee tthhrreeee mmeennttoorrss wwhhoo ssiiggnniififi ccaannttllyy iinnflfl uueenncceedd mmyy lliiffee:: BBaaoolliinn
Zhang at the Nanjing Normal University, China; Xinming
Tao at the Shanghai University of Sport, China; and Margaret
J. Safrit at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States.
Weimo Zhu
To my late brother, Professor Alan Owen.
Neville Owen
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
Part I Sedentary Behavior Concepts and Context 1
Chapter 1 Emergence of Research on Sedentary Behavior and Health 3
Neville Owen
Contemporary Sedentary Behavior Research and Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Sedentary Behavior and Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Sedentary Research Agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Sedentary Behavior Research Priorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Chapter 2 Gravity, Sitting, and Health 13
Joan Vernikos
Gravity and Spacefl ight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Head-Down Bed Rest Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Gravity Deprivation Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Health Consequences of Prolonged Sitting and Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Perceiving Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Gravity Intervention Design and Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Chapter 3 Physiological Effects of Reducing
and Breaking Up Sitting Time 31
David W. Dunstan, Bethany J. Howard, Audrey Bergouignan,
Bronwyn A. Kingwell, and Neville Owen
Methodological Considerations for Studies of Sedentary Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Metabolic Effects of Reduced Sitting and the Postprandial State . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Cardiometabolic Effects Following Exposure to Reduced Sitting . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Cardiometabolic Effects of Repeated-Day Exposure to Reduced Sitting . . . . . . . . 40
Public Health and Clinical Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
v
vi | Contents
Chapter 4 Rethinking the Chair and Sitting 45
Galen Cranz
History of the Chair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Problems With Sitting in Chairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Chair Designers’ Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Postural Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Chapter 5 Children and Screen Time 55
Jorge A. Banda and Thomas N. Robinson
Screen Time Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Mobile Devices and Screen Time Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Parental Rules and the Home Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Screen Time and Body Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Screen Time and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Screen Time, Physical Activity, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Screen Time and Dietary Habits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Experimental Studies of Reducing Screen Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Chapter 6 Regulated Sedentary Behavior in Occupations 71
Kenneth A. Glover and Weimo Zhu
Economic Sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Economics of Inactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Worksite Health Promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Regulation and Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Choice Environment and Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Part II Sedentary Behavior and Health 81
Chapter 7 Sedentary Behavior and Obesity 83
Michael L. Power
Role of Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Adipose Tissue and Endocrine Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Mismatch Paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Obesity and Inflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Central Versus Peripheral Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Sex Differences in Fat Storage and Mobilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Vitamin D, Adipose Tissue, and Sedentary Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Obesity Prevalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Contents | vii
Chapter 8 Sedentary Behavior and Incident Diabetes 97
Carl J. Caspersen and G. Darlene Thomas
Diabetes and Its Public Health Burden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Key Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Sedentary Behavior as Distinct From Physical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Epidemiological Diabetes Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Research Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Six Criteria for Assessing if a Causal Inference Exists
for Sedentary Behavior and Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Chapter 9 Sedentary Behavior and Cardiovascular Disease 113
Edward Archer, Enrique G. Artero, and Steven N. Blair
Cardiovascular Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Occupational Physical Activity and CVD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Physical Activity and CVD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Chapter 10 Sedentary Behavior and Cancer 125
Brigid M. Lynch and Christine M. Friedenreich
Cancer Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Key Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Sedentary Behavior and Cancer Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Sedentary Behavior and Cancer Survivorship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Proposed Biological Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Chapter 11 Sedentary Behavior and Lower Back Pain 139
Marco S. Boscolo and Weimo Zhu
Lower Back Pain and Its Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Spine Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Spine Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Known Risk Factors of Lower Back Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Relationship Between Lower Back Pain and Sedentary Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Prevention of Lower Back Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Chapter 12 Sedentary Behavior and Psychological Well-Being 151
Stuart J.H. Biddle and Stephan Bandelow
Sedentary Behavior and Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Sedentary Behavior and Cognitive Functioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Sedentary Behavior and Health-Related Quality of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
viii | Contents
Part III Measuring and Analyzing Sedentary Behavior 163
Chapter 13 Assessing Sedentary Behavior Using Questionnaires 165
Barbara E. Ainsworth, Alberto Flórez Pregonero, and Fabien Rivière
Key Components of Questionnaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Measurement Principles of Questionnaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Practical Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Chapter 14 Assessing Sedentary Behavior Using Motion Sensors 175
Kong Y. Chen and Richard P. Troiano
Key Components of Motion Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Measurement Principles of Motion Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Accelerometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Practical Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Potential of Raw Accelerometer Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Chapter 15 Assessing Sedentary Behavior Using Physiological Sensors 189
David R. Bassett and Dinesh John
Key Components of Physiological Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Measurement Principles of Physiological Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Practical Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Chapter 16 Assessing Sedentary Behavior Using New Technology 197
Dinesh John and Stephen Intille
Existing Technology for Measuring Sedentary Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Sedentary Behavior Measurement Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Improvements and Emerging Technology for Measuring Sedentary Behavior . . . . 203
Data Collection, Storage, and Open Source Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Chapter 17 Critical Measurement and Research Issues
in Analyzing Sedentary Behavior 209
Weimo Zhu
Sedentary Behavior Data Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Challenges and Solutions in the Analysis of Sedentary Behavior Data . . . . . . . . 213
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Contents | ix
Part IV Sedentary Behavior and Subpopulations 219
Chapter 18 Sedentary Behavior in Children 221
Gregory J. Welk and Youngwon Kim
Measures of Sedentary Behavior in Youth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Health Effects of Sedentary Behavior in Youth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Surveillance of Sedentary Behavior in Youth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Correlates of Youth Sedentary Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Intervention Approaches for Sedentary Behavior in Youth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Chapter 19 Occupational Sedentary Behavior in Adults 237
Wendy J. Brown
The Changing Nature of Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
At-Risk Occupational Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Patterns of Occupational Sitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Health Effects of Occupational Sitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Occupational Sitting and Weight Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Occupational Sitting and Other Health Risk Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Changing Sitting at Work to Improve Health Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Chapter 20 Sedentary Behavior of Older Adults 249
Jorge A. Banda, Sandra J. Winter, and Abby C. King
Measuring Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Health and Functional Outcomes of Sedentary Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Putative Drivers of Sedentary Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Possible Contexts of Sedentary Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Interventions Aimed at Reducing Sedentary Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Chapter 21 Sedentary Behavior in Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups 263
Melicia C. Whitt-Glover and Tyrone G. Ceaser
Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Correlates of Sedentary Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Interventions for Reducing Sedentary Behavior in Racial/Ethnic Minorities . . . . . 269
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
x | Contents
Part V Changing Sedentary Behavior 273
Chapter 22 Psychological and Behavior-Based Interventions 275
Kevin O. Moran and John P. Elder
Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Social Cognitive Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Health Belief Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Transtheoretical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Positivistic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Socioecological Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Chapter 23 Environment and Policy Interventions 285
Jordan A. Carlson and James F. Sallis
Comprehensive Multilevel Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Evaluating Environment and Policy Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Integrating Environment and Policy Interventions With Other Approaches . . . . . 293
Practical Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Next Steps for Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Chapter 24 Sedentary Behavior and Worksite Interventions 297
Nicolaas P. Pronk
Characteristics of Worksite Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Applications of Worksite Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Practical Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Chapter 25 Community-Based Interventions 307
Adrian Bauman and Josephine Y. Chau
Framework for Assessing Sedentary Behavior–Reducing Interventions . . . . . . . 308
Evaluating Community-Based Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Practical Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319