Security Sector Transformation in Africa - DCAF

251 Pages·2011·1.38 MB·English

Alan Bryden and ’Funmi Olonisakin (Eds)

Security Sector Transformation in Africa
Geneva Centre for the
Democratic Control of Armed Forces
(DCAF)

LIT
Alan Bryden and ’Funmi Olonisakin (Eds)

Security Sector Transformation in Africa

LIT
(Bibliographic information here)
Contents

Preface vi
Abreviations ix
Map of Africa xi

Part I: Introduction

1 Conceptualising Security Sector Transformation in Africa 3
Alan Bryden and ’Funmi Olonisakin

Part II: Transformation at the Domestic Level

2 Democratic and War-to-Peace Transitions and
Security Sector Transformation in Africa 27
Robin Luckham and Eboe Hutchful

3 Parliaments and Security Sector Transformation in
West Africa 5
Boubacar N’Diaye

4 Gender and Security Sector Transformation –
From Theory to South African Practice 69
Cheryl Hendricks and Kristin Valasek

5 Transformation through Participation:
Public Perceptions in Liberia and Sierra Leone 89
Judy Smith-Höhn
Part III: Transformation beyond the State

6 Operationalising Norms for Security Sector Transformation:
The Role of Codes of Conduct 113
Jean-Jacques Gacond and Okey Uzoechina

7 Expert Networks and Security Sector Transformation 133
Thomas Jaye

8 Security Sector Transformation Beyond the State:
The Economic Community of West African States 149
Ekaette Ikpe

9 Conceptualising and Implementing a Transformative
African Union Policy on Security Sector Reform 167
Norman Mlambo

10 The United Nations and Security Sector Transformation
in Africa 187
Adedeji Ebo

11 Security Sector Transformation in Africa: Challenges
Confronting Bilateral Donors 201
Dylan Hendrickson

Part IV: Conclusion

12 Enabling Security Sector Transformation in Africa 219
Alan Bryden and ’Funmi Olonisakin

List of Contributors 235
About DCAF 237
Preface

The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) is
an international foundation whose mission is to assist the international
community in enhancing good governance through reform of the security
sector. Beyond a wide range of publications linked to its activities, each year
DCAF dedicates one book – the ‘Yearly Book’ – to a topic that is of
particular relevance to its policy research and operational priorities. The first
volume in this series, Challenges of Security Sector Governance, was
published in 2003. Subsequent Yearly Books focused on Reform and
Reconstruction of the Security Sector (2004), Security Governance in Post-
Conflict Peacebuilding (2005), Private Actors and Security Governance
(2006), Intergovernmental Actors and Security Sector Reform (2007), Local
Ownership and Security Sector Reform (2008) and, last year, Security
1
Sector Reform in Challenging Environments.
The eighth edition in DCAF’s Yearly Book series examines the
conceptual and operational dimensions of Security Sector Transformation in
Africa. African knowledge and experience has contributed much to the
evolution of the security sector reform (SSR) concept while Africa continues
to be the main arena for SSR programmes. Consequently, over the years,
DCAF has actively sought to expand its knowledge base, policy research
focus and operational activities on African security sector reform and
governance issues. For these reasons it is therefore particularly appropriate
that DCAF focuses on this subject in 2010 – the 10th anniversary of the
creation of the DCAF foundation.
This volume underlines core values and motivations behind DCAF’s
policy research agenda. First, we firmly believe that ‘concepts count’. Unless
the underpinnings of the SSR concept and its relationship to security sector
transformation (SST) are critically examined, we cannot move beyond oft-
highlighted policy-practice gaps in order to effect genuine behavior change.
And second, we are convinced that DCAF can only add value in the
challenging field of African security sector reform and governance if we
learn from, engage with and support African-driven scholarship and practice.
Indeed, the editing of this volume itself represents a successful collaborative
effort between Alan Bryden, Deputy Head of DCAF’s Research Division
and ’Funmi Olonisakin, Director of the Conflict, Security and Development

1
Yearly Books are available online at: www.dcaf.ch/publications
viii

Group at King’s College, London as well as a highly-valued member of
DCAF’s International Advisory Board.
It would not have been possible to successfully complete this volume,
in particular given the extremely tight timelines imposed by an annual
publication, without the invaluable contributions of a number of people.
Thanks go to Fairlie Chappuis, Lynda Chenaf and Nicole Schmied for
research and editing assistance and Cherry Ekins for her copy editing.
Herbert Wulf provided extremely valuable insights on earlier drafts of the
manuscript. Yury Korobovsky and his team ably managed the publication
process at the DCAF end while Veit. D. Hopf and Frank Weber of LIT
Verlag were, as always, extremely patient and encouraging. Last but not
least, special thanks go to the editors and contributors who all delivered
under significant time pressure.

Heiner Hänggi
Assistant Director and Head of Research
DCAF

Geneva, September 2010
Abbreviations

AFL Armed Forces of Liberia
AFRICOM US Command in Africa
ANC African National Congress
APSA African Peace and Security Architecture
ASSN African Security Sector Network
AU African Union
CDF civil defence forces (Sierra Leone)
CIDO AU Citizens and Diaspora Directorate
CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement (Liberia)
CSDG Conflict, Security and Development Group (UK)
CSO civil society organisation
CSSDCA Conference on Stability, Security, Development and
Cooperation
DCAF Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed
Forces
DDR disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration
DoD Department of Defence (South Africa)
DPA UN Department of Political Affairs
DPKO UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations
DRC Democratic Republic of Congo
ECOMOG ECOWAS Monitoring Group
ECOSOCC AU Economic, Social and Cultural Council
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
ECPF ECOWAS Conflict Prevention Framework
EU European Union
EUSEC EU Security Advisory Mission
FDG focus group discussion
GC Governance Commission (Liberia)
IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development
IHL international humanitarian law
IMATT International Military Advisory and Training Team
(Sierra Leone)
JSCD Parliamentary Joint Standing Committee on Defence
(South Africa)
LURD Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy