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Security, Democracy and War Crimes: Security Sector Transformation in Serbia PDF

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New Security Challenges Series General Editor: Stuart Croft, Professor of International Security in the Department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Warwick, UK, and Director of the ESRC's New Security Challenges Programme. The last decade demonstrated that threats to security vary greatly in their causes and man- ifestations, and that they invite interest and demand responses from the social sciences, civil society and a very broad policy community. In the past, the avoidance of war was the primary objective, but with the end of the Cold War the retention of military defence as the centrepiece of international security agenda became untenable. There has been, therefore, a significant shift in emphasis away from traditional approaches to security to a new agenda that talks of the softer side of security, in terms of human security, economic security and environmental security. The topical New Security Challenges series reflects this pressing polit- ical and research agenda. Titles include: Abdul Haqq Baker EXTREMISTS IN OUR MIDST Confronting Terror Robin Cameron SUBJECTS OF SECURITY Domestic Effects of Foreign Policy in the War on Terror Jon Coaffee, David Murakami Wood and Peter Rogers THE EVERYDAY RESILIENCE OF THE CITY How Cities Respond to Terrorism and Disaster Sharyl Cross, Savo Kentera, R. Craig Nation and Radovan Vukadinovic (editors) SHAPING SOUTH EAST EUROPE'S SECURITY COMMUNITY FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY Trust, Partnership, Integration Tom Dyson and Theodore Konstadinides EUROPEAN DEFENCE COOPERATION IN EU LAW AND IR THEORY Tom Dyson NEOCLASSICAL REALISM AND DEFENCE REFORM IN POST-COLD WAR EUROPE Håkan Edström, Janne Haaland Matlary and Magnus Petersson (editors) NATO: THE POWER OF PARTNERSHIPS Håkan Edström and Dennis Gyllensporre POLITICAL ASPIRATIONS AND PERILS OF SECURITY Unpacking the Military Strategy of the United Nations Hakan Edström and Dennis Gyllensporre (editors) PURSUING STRATEGY NATO Operations from the Gulf War to Gaddafi Christopher Farrington (editor) GLOBAL CHANGE, CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE NORTHERN IRELAND PEACE PROCESS Implementing the Political Settlement Adrian Gallagher GENOCIDE AND ITS THREAT TO CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL ORDER Kevin Gillan, Jenny Pickerill and Frank Webster ANTI-WAR ACTIVISM New Media and Protest in the Information Age James Gow and Ivan Zverzhanovski SECURITY, DEMOCRACY AND WAR CRIMES Security Sector Transformation in Serbia Toni Haastrup CHARTING TRANSFORMATION THROUGH SECURITY Contemporary EU-Africa Relations Andrew Hill RE-IMAGINING THE WAR ON TERROR Seeing, Waiting, Travelling Andrew Hoskins and Ben O’Loughlin TELEVISION AND TERROR Conflicting Times and the Crisis of News Discourse Paul Jackson and Peter Albrecht RECONSTRUCTION SECURITY AFTER CONFLICT Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone Bryan Mabee THE GLOBALIZATION OF SECURITY State Power, Security Provision and Legitimacy Janne Haaland Matlary EUROPEAN UNION SECURITY DYNAMICS In the New National Interest Kevork Oskanian FEAR, WEAKNESS AND POWER IN THE POST-SOVIET SOUTH CAUCASUS A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis Michael Pugh, Neil Cooper and Mandy Turner (editors) WHOSE PEACE? CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF PEACEBUILDING Brian Rappert and Chandré Gould (editors) BIOSECURITY Origins, Transformations and Practices Brian Rappert BIOTECHNOLOGY, SECURITY AND THE SEARCH FOR LIMITS An Inquiry into Research and Methods Brian Rappert (editor) TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY Governing Threats in the New Millenium Nathan Roger IMAGE WARFARE IN THE WAR ON TERROR Ali Tekin and Paul Andrew Williams GEO-POLITICS OF THE EURO-ASIA ENERGY NEXUS The European Union, Russia and Turkey Lisa Watanabe SECURING EUROPE Mark Webber, James Sperling and Martin A. Smith NATOs POST-COLD WAR TRAJECTORY Decline or Regeneration New Security Challenges Series Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–230–00216–6 (hardback) and ISBN 978–0–230–00217–3 (paperback) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of diffi culty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Also by James Gow PROSECUTING WAR CRIMES: Lessons and Legacies of 20 Years of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (with Rachel Kerr and Zoran Pajic) WEST AFRICAN MILITANCY AND VIOLENCE: Religion, Politics and Radicalisation (with Funmi Olonisakin and Ernst Dijxhoorn) WAR AND WAR CRIMES: Military, Legitimacy and Success in Armed Conflict Slovenia and the Slovenes: A Small State in the New Europe (2nd ed. with Cathie Carmichael) WAR, IMAGE AND LEGITIMACY: Viewing Contemporary Conflict (with Milena Michalski) DEFENDING THE WEST THE SERBIAN PROJECT AND ITS ADVERSARIES: A Strategy of War Crimes TRIUMPH OF THE LACK OF WILL: International Diplomacy and the Yugoslav War LEGITIMACY AND THE MILITARY: The Yugoslav Crisis This page intentionally left blank Security, Democracy and War Crimes Security Sector Transformation in Serbia James Gow Professor of International Peace and Security and Co-Director of the War Crimes Research Group, King’s College London, UK and Ivan Zveržhanovski Coordinator, SEESAC, Belgrade © James Gow and Ivan Zveržhanovski 2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this p ublication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-44653-7 ISBN 978-1-137-27614-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-27614-8 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India. Contents Preface and Acknowledgements viii List of Abbreviations xi 1 Introduction 1 2 Civil-Military Relations from the Break-Up of Yugoslavia to the Fal of Miloševic´ 2 3 De-Politicisation and Transition Delayed 35 4 Civilianising Defence Policy-Making and Military Reform 56 5 Rules: The Legal and Institutional Framework for Democratic Control 83 6 Effective Management of Defence Policy: The Role of Democratic Security Policy Communities 101 7 The War Crimes Legacy 124 8 Passing the Mladic´ Test 151 Notes 177 Bibliography 208 Index 221 vii Preface and Acknowledgements We discussed doing this book many times over the years, especially in the mid-2000s, when we were working together on a research project, funded under the UK Economic and Social Research Council’s New Security Challenges Programme. Ivan was employed as a post-doctoral research associate and James was an investigator at King’s College London. We did some research on media and security, in relation to the war crimes issue in Serbia (published separately), but, inevitably, given our longstanding interest – in James’ case, particularly long- standing, dating back 30 years – in the Belgrade military, we could not ignore other aspects of the war crimes legacy in Serbia, such as secu- rity sector reform, all part of the new security challenges’ agenda. We began work on this book, heavily burdened with other commitments (including becoming parents along the way), and we agreed that the book would always be incomplete until the issue of General Ratko Mladic´ – under the command of whom 8000 Bosnian Muslims were killed at Srebrenica in July 1995 – was settled. Sometime after Mladic´, by that point somewhat surprisingly, was arrested in May 2011, we returned to that conversation and decided to make the book real. However, by this time, Ivan had left the academy to work as a prac- titioner, making a real difference in the sphere of i nternational peace and security, coordinating UNDP small arms control and security sec- tor reform projects in South Eastern Europe. He had done the major- ity of the earlier research, at the coalface, as it were, but it fell to the professor, still engaged in academic industry at King’s, to complete the research and the manuscript (also benefitting from research conducted as part of a project on visual material and war crimes funded under the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council’s Beyond Text Programme). After many frustrations along the way, bringing this particular book project to completion is a matter of great satisfaction to two scholars whose roots lie in PhDs on the Belgrade military, and both of whom remain engaged at the cusp of research and practice with the aspira- tion to make a difference to peace and security, in a region blighted by the war crimes of the 1990s. Many people helped us both along the way. To begin with, we owe a great debt to each other. We are enormously grateful to one another for all the help, support and friendship, back and forth, over more viii Preface and Acknowledgements ix than 15 years. We also owe big thanks to those with whom we worked at King’s, where Ivan lectured (as well as working as a post-doctoral research associate) and James has worked for more than 20 years, as well as those elsewhere who were influential. At King’s Rachel Kerr, our ‘co- conspirator’ in war crimes research and co-director of the War Crimes Research Group always provided help and inspiration. Our appreci- ation goes to Brian Holden Reid, Joe Maiolo, David Betz, John Stone and Ruth Deyermond, Barrie Paskins, Jan Willem Honig, Phil Sabin, Michael Dockrill and his late, wonderful wife, Saki, Andrew Rathmell, Christopher Dandeker, Brian Bond, Sir Lawrence Freedman and Mervyn Frost. Others with a King’s link, at some point, include Zoran Pajic´, Dov Lynch, Madoka Futamura, Tony Millett, Claire Gunter, Jessica Lincoln and Zahbia Yusouf. The support, friendship and companionship offered by all of those associated with the War Crimes Research Group at some point was invaluable. Those who worked with us on the New Security Challenges Project and Programme also deserve major thanks. Marie Gillespie, Andrew Hoskins and Ben O’Loughlin were fabulous collaborators on a brilliant project. Stuart Croft, the New Security Challenges Programme Director, was always an immense support, both in the course of the project and beyond. We are particularly grateful to him for supporting publication of this book in the Palgrave New Security Challenges series. The Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), in particular, Mr. Darko Stancˇic´ and Ms. Miriam von Borcke, gave Ivan opportunities to present work there, at the Young Faces Network. Others who deserve particular thanks include General Blagoje Grahovac, who was an invaluable fountain of information and a mine of documents that Ivan was otherwise unable to get. Maj. General John Moore-Bick, Major General Ljubiša Jokic´, Mr. Jack Petri, General Ninoslav Krstic´, H.E. Dr. Branko Milinkovic´ and General Momcˇilo Perišic´ all gave Ivan time and assistance, as did Ms Svetlana Djurdjevic´ Lukic´ and Dr. Nebojša Vladisavljevic´. Those who gave James particular help include Gen. Bojan Zrnic´, Gen. Petar Cˇornakov, Gen. Zdravko Ponoš and Col. Goran Desancˇic´ (the RCDS alumni!), as well as Nenad Dimitrijevic´, Simon Wilson and Iva Vukušic´. On the personal level, Ivan is grateful to Dawda Jobarteh, for being a great friend and an even better kum. He has made this whole expe- rience so much more worthwhile and fulfilling. Thanks also to his friends, Nathalie Wlodarzczyk and Tanja Schuemer, and their respective significant others, for their friendship and intellectual stimulation, and Garfield and Giovanna.

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