Security, Democracy and War Crimes: Security Sector Transformation in Serbia

242 Pages·2013·3.85 MB·English

by  James Gow, Ivan Zverzžhanovski (auth.)

New Security Challenges Series
General Editor: Stuart Croft, Professor of International Security in the Department of
Politics and International Studies at the University of Warwick, UK, and Director of the
ESRC's New Security Challenges Programme.
The last decade demonstrated that threats to security vary greatly in their causes and man-
ifestations, and that they invite interest and demand responses from the social sciences,
civil society and a very broad policy community. In the past, the avoidance of war was the
primary objective, but with the end of the Cold War the retention of military defence as the
centrepiece of international security agenda became untenable. There has been, therefore, a
significant shift in emphasis away from traditional approaches to security to a new agenda
that talks of the softer side of security, in terms of human security, economic security and
environmental security. The topical New Security Challenges series reflects this pressing polit-
ical and research agenda.
Titles include:
Abdul Haqq Baker
EXTREMISTS IN OUR MIDST
Confronting Terror
Robin Cameron
SUBJECTS OF SECURITY
Domestic Effects of Foreign Policy in the War on Terror
Jon Coaffee, David Murakami Wood and Peter Rogers
THE EVERYDAY RESILIENCE OF THE CITY
How Cities Respond to Terrorism and Disaster
Sharyl Cross, Savo Kentera, R. Craig Nation and Radovan Vukadinovic (editors)
SHAPING SOUTH EAST EUROPE'S SECURITY COMMUNITY FOR
THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
Trust, Partnership, Integration
Tom Dyson and Theodore Konstadinides
EUROPEAN DEFENCE COOPERATION IN EU LAW AND IR THEORY
Tom Dyson
NEOCLASSICAL REALISM AND DEFENCE REFORM IN POST-COLD
WAR EUROPE
Håkan Edström, Janne Haaland Matlary and Magnus Petersson (editors)
NATO: THE POWER OF PARTNERSHIPS
Håkan Edström and Dennis Gyllensporre
POLITICAL ASPIRATIONS AND PERILS OF SECURITY
Unpacking the Military Strategy of the United Nations
Hakan Edström and Dennis Gyllensporre (editors)
PURSUING STRATEGY
NATO Operations from the Gulf War to Gaddafi
Christopher Farrington (editor)
GLOBAL CHANGE, CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE NORTHERN IRELAND
PEACE PROCESS
Implementing the Political Settlement
Adrian Gallagher
GENOCIDE AND ITS THREAT TO CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL ORDER
Kevin Gillan, Jenny Pickerill and Frank Webster
ANTI-WAR ACTIVISM
New Media and Protest in the Information Age
James Gow and Ivan Zverzhanovski
SECURITY, DEMOCRACY AND WAR CRIMES
Security Sector Transformation in Serbia
Toni Haastrup
CHARTING TRANSFORMATION THROUGH SECURITY
Contemporary EU-Africa Relations
Andrew Hill
RE-IMAGINING THE WAR ON TERROR
Seeing, Waiting, Travelling
Andrew Hoskins and Ben O’Loughlin
TELEVISION AND TERROR
Conflicting Times and the Crisis of News Discourse
Paul Jackson and Peter Albrecht
RECONSTRUCTION SECURITY AFTER CONFLICT
Security Sector Reform in Sierra Leone
Bryan Mabee
THE GLOBALIZATION OF SECURITY
State Power, Security Provision and Legitimacy
Janne Haaland Matlary
EUROPEAN UNION SECURITY DYNAMICS
In the New National Interest
Kevork Oskanian
FEAR, WEAKNESS AND POWER IN THE POST-SOVIET SOUTH CAUCASUS
A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis
Michael Pugh, Neil Cooper and Mandy Turner (editors)
WHOSE PEACE? CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF
PEACEBUILDING
Brian Rappert and Chandré Gould (editors)
BIOSECURITY
Origins, Transformations and Practices
Brian Rappert
BIOTECHNOLOGY, SECURITY AND THE SEARCH FOR LIMITS
An Inquiry into Research and Methods
Brian Rappert (editor)
TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY
Governing Threats in the New Millenium
Nathan Roger
IMAGE WARFARE IN THE WAR ON TERROR
Ali Tekin and Paul Andrew Williams
GEO-POLITICS OF THE EURO-ASIA ENERGY NEXUS
The European Union, Russia and Turkey
Lisa Watanabe
SECURING EUROPE
Mark Webber, James Sperling and Martin A. Smith
NATOs POST-COLD WAR TRAJECTORY
Decline or Regeneration
New Security Challenges Series
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Also by James Gow
PROSECUTING WAR CRIMES: Lessons and Legacies of 20 Years of the International
Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (with Rachel Kerr and Zoran Pajic)
WEST AFRICAN MILITANCY AND VIOLENCE: Religion, Politics and Radicalisation
(with Funmi Olonisakin and Ernst Dijxhoorn)
WAR AND WAR CRIMES: Military, Legitimacy and Success in Armed Conflict
Slovenia and the Slovenes: A Small State in the New Europe (2nd ed. with Cathie
Carmichael)
WAR, IMAGE AND LEGITIMACY: Viewing Contemporary Conflict
(with Milena Michalski)
DEFENDING THE WEST
THE SERBIAN PROJECT AND ITS ADVERSARIES: A Strategy of War Crimes
TRIUMPH OF THE LACK OF WILL: International Diplomacy and the Yugoslav War
LEGITIMACY AND THE MILITARY: The Yugoslav Crisis
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Security, Democracy and
War Crimes
Security Sector Transformation in Serbia
James Gow
Professor of International Peace and Security and Co-Director of the War Crimes
Research Group, King’s College London, UK
and
Ivan Zveržhanovski
Coordinator, SEESAC, Belgrade
© James Gow and Ivan Zveržhanovski 2013
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this p ublication
may be made without written permission.
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permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,
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Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this
work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2013 by
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registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,
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ISBN 978-1-349-44653-7 ISBN 978-1-137-27614-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-27614-8
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Contents
Preface and Acknowledgements viii
List of Abbreviations xi
1 Introduction 1
2 Civil-Military Relations from the Break-Up of
Yugoslavia to the Fal of Miloševic´ 2
3 De-Politicisation and Transition Delayed 35
4 Civilianising Defence Policy-Making and
Military Reform 56
5 Rules: The Legal and Institutional Framework for
Democratic Control 83
6 Effective Management of Defence Policy: The Role of
Democratic Security Policy Communities 101
7 The War Crimes Legacy 124
8 Passing the Mladic´ Test 151
Notes 177
Bibliography 208
Index 221
vii
Preface and Acknowledgements
We discussed doing this book many times over the years, especially in
the mid-2000s, when we were working together on a research project,
funded under the UK Economic and Social Research Council’s New
Security Challenges Programme. Ivan was employed as a post-doctoral
research associate and James was an investigator at King’s College
London. We did some research on media and security, in relation to
the war crimes issue in Serbia (published separately), but, inevitably,
given our longstanding interest – in James’ case, particularly long-
standing, dating back 30 years – in the Belgrade military, we could not
ignore other aspects of the war crimes legacy in Serbia, such as secu-
rity sector reform, all part of the new security challenges’ agenda. We
began work on this book, heavily burdened with other commitments
(including becoming parents along the way), and we agreed that the
book would always be incomplete until the issue of General Ratko
Mladic´ – under the command of whom 8000 Bosnian Muslims were
killed at Srebrenica in July 1995 – was settled. Sometime after Mladic´,
by that point somewhat surprisingly, was arrested in May 2011, we
returned to that conversation and decided to make the book real.
However, by this time, Ivan had left the academy to work as a prac-
titioner, making a real difference in the sphere of i nternational peace
and security, coordinating UNDP small arms control and security sec-
tor reform projects in South Eastern Europe. He had done the major-
ity of the earlier research, at the coalface, as it were, but it fell to the
professor, still engaged in academic industry at King’s, to complete the
research and the manuscript (also benefitting from research conducted
as part of a project on visual material and war crimes funded under the
UK Arts and Humanities Research Council’s Beyond Text Programme).
After many frustrations along the way, bringing this particular book
project to completion is a matter of great satisfaction to two scholars
whose roots lie in PhDs on the Belgrade military, and both of whom
remain engaged at the cusp of research and practice with the aspira-
tion to make a difference to peace and security, in a region blighted by
the war crimes of the 1990s.
Many people helped us both along the way. To begin with, we owe
a great debt to each other. We are enormously grateful to one another
for all the help, support and friendship, back and forth, over more
viii
Preface and Acknowledgements ix
than 15 years. We also owe big thanks to those with whom we worked
at King’s, where Ivan lectured (as well as working as a post-doctoral
research associate) and James has worked for more than 20 years, as well
as those elsewhere who were influential. At King’s Rachel Kerr, our ‘co-
conspirator’ in war crimes research and co-director of the War Crimes
Research Group always provided help and inspiration. Our appreci-
ation goes to Brian Holden Reid, Joe Maiolo, David Betz, John Stone
and Ruth Deyermond, Barrie Paskins, Jan Willem Honig, Phil Sabin,
Michael Dockrill and his late, wonderful wife, Saki, Andrew Rathmell,
Christopher Dandeker, Brian Bond, Sir Lawrence Freedman and Mervyn
Frost. Others with a King’s link, at some point, include Zoran Pajic´, Dov
Lynch, Madoka Futamura, Tony Millett, Claire Gunter, Jessica Lincoln
and Zahbia Yusouf. The support, friendship and companionship offered
by all of those associated with the War Crimes Research Group at some
point was invaluable.
Those who worked with us on the New Security Challenges Project
and Programme also deserve major thanks. Marie Gillespie, Andrew
Hoskins and Ben O’Loughlin were fabulous collaborators on a brilliant
project. Stuart Croft, the New Security Challenges Programme Director,
was always an immense support, both in the course of the project and
beyond. We are particularly grateful to him for supporting publication of
this book in the Palgrave New Security Challenges series.
The Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF),
in particular, Mr. Darko Stancˇic´ and Ms. Miriam von Borcke, gave Ivan
opportunities to present work there, at the Young Faces Network. Others
who deserve particular thanks include General Blagoje Grahovac, who
was an invaluable fountain of information and a mine of documents
that Ivan was otherwise unable to get. Maj. General John Moore-Bick,
Major General Ljubiša Jokic´, Mr. Jack Petri, General Ninoslav Krstic´,
H.E. Dr. Branko Milinkovic´ and General Momcˇilo Perišic´ all gave
Ivan time and assistance, as did Ms Svetlana Djurdjevic´ Lukic´ and Dr.
Nebojša Vladisavljevic´. Those who gave James particular help include
Gen. Bojan Zrnic´, Gen. Petar Cˇornakov, Gen. Zdravko Ponoš and Col.
Goran Desancˇic´ (the RCDS alumni!), as well as Nenad Dimitrijevic´,
Simon Wilson and Iva Vukušic´.
On the personal level, Ivan is grateful to Dawda Jobarteh, for being
a great friend and an even better kum. He has made this whole expe-
rience so much more worthwhile and fulfilling. Thanks also to his
friends, Nathalie Wlodarzczyk and Tanja Schuemer, and their respective
significant others, for their friendship and intellectual stimulation, and
Garfield and Giovanna.