Security and Intelligence in a Changing World: New Perspectives for the 1990s

217 Pages·2021·98.558 MB·English

by  A. Stuart Farson (editor), David Stafford (editor), Wesley K. Wark (editor)

ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS:
COLD WAR SECURITY STUDIES
Volume 43
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SECURITY AND INTELLIGENCE IN

A CHANGING WORLD

New Perspectives for the 1990s
Edited by
A. STUART FARSON, DAVID STAFFORD AND
A. STUART FARSON, DAVID STAFFORD
WESLEY K. WARK
AND WESLEY K. WARK
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LONDON AND NEW YORK
First published in 1991 by Frank Cass and Co. Ltd
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SECURITY
AND INTELLIGENCE
IN A CHANGING WORLD
New Perspectives for the
1990s
Edited by
A. STUART FARSON, DAVID STAFFORD
and WESLEY K. WARK
1
FRANK CASS
First publishi!d 1991 in Great Britain by
FRANK CASS AND CO. LTD
Gainsborough House, Gainsborough Road,
London Ell lRS, England
and in the United Stares ofAmsrica by
FRANK CASS
c/o International Specialized Book Services, Inc.,
5602 N.E. Hassalo Street, Portland, Oregon 97213
Copyright C 1991 by Frank Cass & Co. Ltd
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Security and intelligence in a changing world: new
perspectives for the 1990s. - (Cass series: studies in
intelligence).
1. Intelligence services
I. Farson. A. Stuart IL Stafford, David Ill Wark,
Wesley K.
327.12
ISBN 0-7146-3395-X
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Conference on Canadian Security and Intelligence Needs for the 1990s
(1989 : Ottawa, Ont.)
Security and intelligence in a changing world : new perspectives
for the 1990s / ediled by A. Stuart Farson, David Stafford, and
Wesley K. Wark.
p. cm.-(Cass series-studies in intelligence)
"First presented al a Conference on Canadian Security and
Intelligence Needs for the 1990s, organi:zed by the Canadian
Association for Security and Intelligence Studies and held al
Ottawa, Ontario, on 28-30 September 1989"-T.p. verso
ISBN onl46/3395-X
1. Intelligence service-Congresses. 2. Military Intelligence-
n.
-congresses. I. Farson, Anthony Stuart, 1944- . Stafford.
David. Ill Wark, Wesley K., 1952- . IV. Canadian Association for
Security and Intelligence Studies. V. Title, VI. Series.
UB250.C691989 91-2581
327.l'2-dc20 CIP
1nis group of studies was first presented al a Conference on Canadian Security
and Intelligence Needs for the 1990s, organi7.Cd by the Canadian Association
for Security and Intelligence Studies and held al Ottawa. Ontario, on 28-30
September 1989. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not represent
those of any official body.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro-
duced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form,
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, witholll the prior permission ofFrank
Cass and Company Limited.
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
Antony Rowe Ltd, Otippenham
Contents
Editors' Preface vii
Acknowledgements xi
PART ONE: INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES
ON INTELLIGENCE
1. Introduction: The Fin-de-siecle
Phenomenon Wesley K. Wark 3
2. The British View of Security
and Intelligence. Christopher Andrew 10
3. The Soviet System of Security and
Intelligence John]. Dziak 25
4. Strategic Intelligence: An American
Perspective Loch K. Johnson 46
PART TWO: CANADIAN AND
COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES
5. Introduction David Stafford 11
6. The Evolution of the Security Intelligence Debate
in Canada since 1976 Peter Gill 15
7. Review versus Oversight John Starnes 95
8. Accountability and the Australian Security
Intelligence Organization: A Brief History Frank Cain 104
9. The Canadian Security and Intelligence System:
Fighting the Last War or the Next? Reg Whitaker 126
PART THREE: SOME MAJOR ISSUES
FOR THE FUTURE
10. Introduction A.Stuart Farson 137
11. The CSIS, Gorbachev and Global Change:
Canada's Internal Security and Intelligence
Requirements in Transition Franklyn Griffiths 140
SECURITY AND INTELLIGENCE IN A CHANGING WORLD
12. Strategic Intelligence and Effective Policy Robert Jervis 165
13. Countering Terrorism in Canada Jean-Paul Brodeur 182
Notes on the Contributors 201
Editors' Preface
Canada might be regarded as an unusual birthplace for a volume of
essays on security and intelligence. The country employs no foreign
intelligence service, unlike for example its Australian Commonwealth
partner, and its internal security service is little in the news beyond
Canadian shores. On the map of international intelligence, Canada
appears as a blank, as te"a incognita. Jeffrey Richelson and Desmond
Ball encapsulated this vision in their survey ofmodem-day intelligence
alliances, The Ties that Bind. Canada, they wrote, 'is generally per-
ceived to be a nation which does not devote a significant amount of
resources to security and intelligence activity ... The very concept of a
Canadian security and intelligence community may thus seem some-
what peculiar'. 1 Given that much of the literature on intelligence is
inevitably driven by distinct national debates about the historical
impact of clandestine infonnation on decision-making, about intelli-
gence services and political scandal, and about the uses and abuses of
secret services in forging a security shield for the state, it may also seem
'peculiar' that such a volume as this has a Canadian dateline. But, of
course, a wide gap exists between perception and reality. In reality,
Canada does devote significant resources to intelligence and security
and has done so historically, at least in times ofnational crisis and war,
for a considerable time.2 Canada has a signals intelligence agency, itself
a symbol of investment in the leading and very high-tech edge of
intelligence gathering. No spy satellites yet sport a Canadian decal, but
there has long been talk ofa Canadian entry into what John Gaddis calls
the 'recomaissance satellite regime', either for pwposes of defending
Canadian sovereignty, particularly in the north, or for international
anns control.3 Need it be added that Canada has had its share ofsecurity
intelligence scandals, and suffered its portion of intelligence failures?'
It follows that, in reality, a genuine debate exists in Canada over the
purposes and future of a security and intelligence community that,
most decidedly, exists. It is symptomatic, perhaps, of the alliance-
orientated drive of much Canadian national security policy that the
Canadian debate incorporates an international perspective.
The purpose of this volume, however, is not principally to construct
an account of Canadian security intelligence, although Canadian
vii