Security, Development and Human Rights in East Asia Series Editor Brendan M. Howe Graduate School of International Studies Ewha Womans University Seoul Korea (Republic of) Thisseriesfocusesontheindissolublelinksunitingsecurity,development and human rights as the three pillars of the UN, and the foundation of global governance. It takes into account how rising Asia has dramatically impactedthethreepillarsatthenational,internationalandgloballevelsof governance, but redirects attention, in this most Westphalian of regions, tohuman-centeredconsiderations.Projectssubmittedforinclusioninthe seriesshouldthereforeaddressthenexusorintersectionoftwoormoreof the pillars at the level of national or international governance, but with a focus on vulnerable individuals and groups. The series targets postgradu- ate students, lecturers, researchers and practitioners of development stu- dies,internationalrelations,Asianstudies,humanrightsandinternational organizations. More information aboutthisseries at http://www.springer.com/series/14488 MiguelÁngelPérezMartín Security and Human Right to Water in Central Asia MiguelÁngelPérezMartín UniversidadComplutensedeMadrid Madrid,Spain Security,DevelopmentandHumanRightsinEastAsia ISBN978-1-137-54004-1 ISBN978-1-137-54005-8(eBook) DOI10.1057/978-1-137-54005-8 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016957408 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsof translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Don’tjudgeeachdaybytheharvestyoureapbutbytheseeds thatyouplant RobertLouis Stevenson C ONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 2 AWater History ofCentral Asia 17 3 EnvironmentalSecurity, Water ResourcesandInternational SecurityOrganizations 39 4 EconomicSecurity, WaterResources andInternational SecurityOrganizations(NATO, OSCE,CSTO, SCO) 77 5 PoliticalSecurityWater ResourcesandInternational SecurityOrganizations(NATO, OSCE,CSTO, SCO) inthe Amu Darya 107 6 Conclusions 153 References 167 Index 173 vii L F IST OF IGURES Fig.2.1 CourseoftheAmuDaryariveranditsboundaries 23 Fig.4.1 Technicalandcommerciallossescomparedwithother countries(2010)%ofnetgeneration. 95 ix L T IST OF ABLES Table2.1 Annualwaterflowgeneratedbyshorecountries oftheAmuDaryariver 32 Table2.2 WaterdistributionlimitsintheAmuDaryabasin, followingProtocol566,11March1997 33 Table2.3 PotentialconflictsintheAralbasinandtheirnature 35 Table3.1 SoilsalinizationinCentralAsia 43 Table3.2 Numberofwastedumps,tonsofnuclearwaste andcountrydistribution 48 Table3.3 PollutionrisklevelsofCentralAsianwastedumps 49 Table3.4 StatusofratificationofUNECEenvironmentalinstruments inCentralAsia 68 Table3.5 EUWIcurrentactivities 70 Table4.1 CCA:Selectedeconomicindicators 79 Table4.2 Pricesofoil,cottonandgold 80 Table4.3 Incomepovertytrends(1981–2010,PPP$4.30/day threshold) 81 Table4.4 GinicoefficientsofincomeinequalityfromtheSWIID database 82 Table4.5 ProgresstowardsachievingMDGandWFShungertargets intheCCAsub-region,numberofundernourished (millions)andprevalenceofundernourished(%) 86 Table5.1 Accessibilitytowaterandsanitation 109 Table5.2 Ruralpopulationpercentages 109 Table5.3 Percentageofruralpopulationwithoutaccesstowater 110 Table5.4 Percentageofruralpopulationwithoutsanitation 110 Table5.5 ConflictsrelatedtowaterintheAralSeabasin 114 Table5.6 Degreeofpublicparticipationineachcountryoftheregion 121 xi CHAPTER1 Introduction Abstract This chapter comprises an initial study to introduce the reader toboththeoretical(humansecurity)andmethodological(constructivism) aspects and their relation with the human right to water and the interna- tional security organizations in Central Asia, i.e. the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and various NATO-sponsored programs. Here, the author explores human security from the perspective of the Canadian School, which sees political decisions as being basic to the allocation of water resources, and considerswaterasawelfareresource.Fromamethodologicalperspective, analysis is based on constructivist school and Thierry Balzacq’s definition of securitization (2011). Accordingly, “securitization” is understood as a discursive strategic process built on a natural resource within the specific framework ofinternational securityorganizations in CentralAsia. Keywords Humansecurity(cid:1)Righttowaterandsanitation(cid:1)Desecuritizing(cid:1) Securitizing(cid:1)Extraordinarypolitics(cid:1)Exceptionalpolitics(cid:1)Empowerment(cid:1) Emancipation Accesstowaterandsanitationarecertainlyapreconditionfortheenjoy- mentoffundamentalhumanrightssuchastherighttolife,health,work, education and protection against torture, as well as being crucial to ©TheAuthor(s)2017 1 M.Á.PérezMartín,SecurityandHumanRighttoWaterinCentral Asia,Security,DevelopmentandHumanRightsinEastAsia, DOI10.1057/978-1-137-54005-8_1