Secrecy and Science: A Historical Sociology of Biological and Chemical Warfare PDF
Preview Secrecy and Science: A Historical Sociology of Biological and Chemical Warfare
Secrecy and Science This page has been left blank intentionally Secrecy and Science a Historical Sociology of Biological and chemical Warfare Brian Balmer University College London, UK First published 2012 by Ashgate Publishing Published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2012 Brian Balmer Brian Balmer has asserted his right under the copyright, designs and Patents act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Balmer, Brian, 1965– Secrecy and science : a historical sociology of biological and chemical warfare. 1. Defence information, Classified—Great Britain—History—20th century. 2. Biological weapons—Research—Government policy—Great Britain—History—20th century. 3. Chemical weapons—Research—Government policy—Great Britain—History— 20th century. 4. Freedom of information—Great Britain—History—20th century. i. Title 355.3’433’0941’0904–dc23 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Balmer, Brian, 1965– Secrecy and science : a historical sociology of biological and chemical warfare / by Brian Balmer. p. cm. includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4094-3056-8 (hbk.:alk. paper) 1. Biological warfare—Research—Great Britain—History. 2. Chemical warfare— Research—Great Britain—History. 3. Official secrets—Great Britain— History. 4. Research, Military—Social aspects. I. Title. II. Title: Historical sociology of biological and chemical warfare. UG447.8.B325 2012 358’.34072041–dc23 2011039534 ISBN 9781409430568 (hbk) ISBN 9781315607986 (ebk) Contents List of Tables vii List of Abbreviations ix Preface and Acknowledgements xi 1 Secret Science 1 2 Secrecy at Work: Scientists’ Defence of Biological Warfare Research 19 3 Making Secrets: Accidents, Experiments and the Production of Knowledge 37 4 Keeping, Disclosing and Breaching Secrets: Classification and Security 57 5 Secrecy, Doubt and Uncertainty: Power/Ignorance? 73 6 Secrecy, Transparency and Public Relations: Opening Up Porton Down in the ‘Year of the Barricades’ 91 7 Secret Spaces of Science: A Secret Formula, a Rogue Patent and Public Knowledge about Nerve Gas 115 8 Opaque Science 143 References 149 Index 165 This page has been left blank intentionally List of Tables 2.1 Press Coverage of Biological Warfare 28 4.1 Proposed Changes to Security Classification Scheme for Biological Warfare agreed Between US and UK 62 7.1 Summary of Open Information About VX, according to K. Norris 127 This page has been left blank intentionally List of Abbreviations BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BRAB Biological Research Advisory Board BW Biological Warfare (sometimes Biological Weapon) CBW Chemical and Biological Warfare (sometimes Chemical and Biological Weapons) CDEE Chemical Defence Experimental Establishment CND Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament DRPC Defence Research Policy Committee CW Chemical Warfare (sometimes Chemical Weapon) HMG His/Her Majesty’s Government HSP Harvard-Sussex Program ITV Independent Television IRA Irish Republican Army MoD Ministry of Defence MP Member of Parliament MGO Master General of the Ordnance MRC Medical Research Council MRD Microbiology Research Department MRE Microbiology Research Establishment R&D Research and Development SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute TNA The National Archives (Kew, UK) UK United Kingdom US United States USA United States of America
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