Secondary Agriculture: Sustainability and Livelihood in India

213 Pages·2022·5.943 MB·English

by  F. A. Bahar, M. Anwar Bhat, Syed Sheraz Mahdi

F. A. Bahar
M. Anwar Bhat
Syed Sheraz Mahdi   Editors
Secondary
Agriculture
Sustainability and Livelihood in India
Secondary Agriculture
F. A. Bahar • M. Anwar Bhat
Syed Sheraz Mahdi
Editors
Secondary Agriculture
Sustainability and Livelihood in India
Editors
F. A. Bahar M. Anwar Bhat
Division of Agronomy Division of Agronomy
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural
Sciences & Technology of Kashmir Sciences & Technology of Kashmir
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Syed Sheraz Mahdi
Division of Agronomy
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural
Sciences & Technology of Kashmir
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
ISBN 978-3-031-09217-6 ISBN 978-3-031-09218-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09218-3
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
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Acknowledgment
The editors express their gratitude to the ICAR-Institutional Development Plan-
National Agricultural Higher Education Project (IDP-NAHEP) of SKUAST-K,
Shalimar, for their support and encouragement.
v
Contents
1 Linkage Between Primary and Secondary Agriculture:
Role of High- Value Field Crops in Increasing
Farmers’ Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Ashaq Hussain, Intikhab A. Jehangir, Najeebul Rehman Sofi,
M. Anwar Bhat, and S. Sheraz Mahdi
2 Temperate Aromatic Rices: Management for Improving
Productivity, Farmer’s Income and Livelihood Security . . . . . . . . . . 13
Mohammad Anwar Bhat, Intikhab Aalum Jehangir,
S. Sheraz Mahdi, Ashaq Hussain, F. A. Bahar,
and Rukhsana Jan
3 New Innovations in Agriculture: A Way Forward
for Enhancing Agricultural Production and Productivity . . . . . . . . . 25
Quadri Javeed Ahmad Peer, Sheikh Mehraj, Fayaz Ahmad Bahar,
and Irfath Rashid
4 Integrated Farming Systems for Doubling Farmers’ Income . . . . . . . 35
A. S. Panwar and N. Ravisankar
5 Integrated Farming Systems: Research,
Extension and Scope in Punjab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
S. S. Walia and Tamanpreet Kaur
6 Specialty Food Crops: An Alternate Way
for Increasing Farmers’ Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Zahoor A. Dar, Azra Khan, Ajaz A. Lone, Fayaz Ahmed Bahar,
S. Baghel, B. A. Lone, S. Sheraz Mahdi, Rukhsana Jan,
Owais Ali Wani, Roman Nissar, and Ashraf Sultan
7 Prospects of Crop Residues in Secondary Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Roman Nissar, Fayaz A. Bahar, Raheel Shafeeq Khan,
Raies A. Bhat, Tahir A. Sheikh, Ashraf Sultan, S. Sheraz Mahdi,
and Owais Ali Wani
vii
viii Contents
8 Marketing of Agricultural Produce in India:
Problems and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Sajad A. Saraf, Jahangir Ali, F. A. Bahar, and S. Sheraz Mahdi
9 Biochar: A New Emerging Tool to Mitigate Abiotic
Stresses and Its Effect on Soil Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Owais Ali Wani, M. Parthiban, Mohd Ayoub Bhat,
Syed Sheraz Mahdi, Rukhsana Jan, Mohammad Anwar Bhat,
F. A. Bahar, Anas Ibni Ali Wani, and Shamal Shasang Kumar
10 Effective Microbial Consortia for Rapid Management
of Organic Solid Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Basharat Hamid, Sabah Fatima, Ali Mohd Yatoo,
Zahoor Ahmad Baba, Tahir Ahmad Sheikh, Nazir Ahmad Ganai,
and Farooq Ahmad Bhat
11 Post-harvest Management and Value Addition of Food Crops . . . . . . 131
Haroon Rashid Naik, Tawheed Amin, and S. Sheraz Mahdi
12 Role of Botanicals in Integrated Pest Management
for Sustained Crop Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Showket Ahmad Dar, Syed Sheraz Mahdi,
Fahd Mohammed Abd Al Galil, Sajad Hussain Mir,
Rukhsana Jan, and Rania Mohammad Sabri Sultan
13 Sustainable Intensification in Eastern Gangetic Plains
of South Asia via Conservation Agriculture for Energy,
Water and Food Security Under Climate Smart
Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Mahesh K. Gathala, S. Sheraz Mahdi, Rukhsana Jan,
Owais Ali Wani, and M. Parthiban
14 Biofortification: A Viable Option for Increasing
Crop Production and Nutritional Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Y. S. Shivay and Sunil Mandi
15 Humic Acids as Bio-stimulants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Hujjat Ul Baligah, M. H. Chesti, Zahoor Ahmad Baba,
and Shakeel A. Mir
Chapter 1
Linkage Between Primary and Secondary
Agriculture: Role of High-Value Field
Crops in Increasing Farmers’ Income
Ashaq Hussain, Intikhab A. Jehangir, Najeebul Rehman Sofi,
M. Anwar Bhat, and S. Sheraz Mahdi
Abstract Agriculture is the most important component of the Indian economy.
This sector accounts for 16% of the total GDP and employs 58% of the population.
The income of the farmers and overall welfare have not improved much in the post-
independence on account of pricing policy, increasing cost of production and stag-
nating productivity and almost nonexistent secondary agricultural enterprises. The
activities are either related to input production or post-harvest centric. Secondary
agriculture is “executed by the farmer knowingly or inadvertently on the farm in
conjunction with farming activities. The inputs include biofertilizers; biopesticides;
compost/vermicompost; nursery production of fruit plants, vegetables, field crops
and forest trees; and animal food/fodder. Post-harvest activities predominantly
include preconditioning (assaying, pre-cooling and packaging) of fruits, vegetables,
flowers and spices”. A large number of region-specific activities have been identi-
fied and need to put into the mainstream by providing proper technological, finan-
cial and marketing support. Primary agricultural activities generate a large number
of wastes that are either burnt or wasted. To deal with these low-value residues
generated out of field crops, horticultural crops and the products of animal and for-
est produce, the role of secondary agriculture becomes inevitable for making full
use of the residues into an income-generating activity. A large number of wastes can
be converted into valuable products to augment the income and improve the sustain-
ability. Post-harvest handling and preservation of agricultural products have
assumed a significant importance in increasing the farmers’ income. With the
increase in income and living standard of the high-income group, there has been an
increase in dietary diversification and demand for high-value commodities across
the world. Fruits, vegetables and their value-added products lead to income diversi-
A. Hussain (*) · I. A. Jehangir · N. R. Sofi
Mounatin Research Centre for Field Crops, Shere-Kashmir University of Agricultural
Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
M. Anwar Bhat · S. Sheraz Mahdi
Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural
Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 1
Switzerland AG 2022
F. A. Bahar et al. (eds.), Secondary Agriculture,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09218-3_1
2 A. Hussain et al.
fication and livelihood improvement of the farmers. Among the field crops, basmati
rice and rice landraces such as Kalanamak, Mushkbudji, Navara/Njavara, red rices,
etc. are known for their aroma, nutritional value and good cooking quality. The
country is earning a huge foreign exchange in production, processing and value
addition of these high-value rices. Specialty corns such as sweet corn, baby corn
and popcorn fetch a good market value which can be further enhanced by various
post-harvest and preservation technologies. Frozen and canned products are in great
demand throughout the year. These activities open up new vistas of rural industrial-
ization, employment generation and value addition of the otherwise perishable food
products.
Keywords Secondary agriculture · Aromatic rice · Rural economy · Growth
1.1 Introduction
The rural development is an integral part of the national development of our coun-
try. India is essentially an agricultural country. Agriculture is undoubtedly the back-
bone of the economy of India with 58% of the population directly or indirectly
dependent on agriculture. In India, agriculture employs about 42% of the population
and contributes 16% GDP. Nearly 70% of rural households are engaged in agricul-
ture. Agriculture is not only the base for food security system in India but is embed-
ded in her culture. The Indian agriculture progressed from subsistence to commercial
scale with the progress in infrastructural development and technology. Food grain
production and productivity have increased consistently since independence on
account of various technological advancements, development and extension activi-
ties carried out in the country. Royal commission on agriculture was constituted in
the year 1926 to ascertain the status of agriculture and rural economy in India. The
report submitted in 1928 stated that rural economy forms the very foundation of
farmers’ welfare. The progress in rural economy is dependent on communication
and physical connectivity. Forty years later, the National Commission on Agriculture
was established to review the progress of agriculture. In theyear 1976, a report sub-
mitted by the commission defined agriculture as a broad subject encompassing all
aspects of crop production, land and irrigation management, livestock, production,
fisheries and forestry. The report advocated the progressive use of science and tech-
nology in agriculture for yielding higher productivity. The National Commission on
Farmers constituted in 2004 in its report has laid emphasis on inclusive growth of
farmers and agriculture by bringing improvement through land reforms, soil testing,
water resources, enhancing agricultural productivity, credit and insurance aware-
ness and facility among the farming community. The need for enhancing farmers’
income and livelihood security through post-harvest processing and value addition
was felt at that time also. Fostering participation of rural youth in farming and allied
activities for employment generation and sustainable development was explicitly
suggested in the report.
1 Linkage Between Primary and Secondary Agriculture: Role of High-Value Field… 3
While realizing the disparity in the income growth of farmers over years, Govt.
of India (GOI) constituted Doubling Farmers’ Income (DFI) Committee in 2016.
Agriculture continues to be the dominant sector of the economy with 141 m ha area
under cultivation and 55% area under cereals. Horticulture and animal population
contribute more to the income of the farmers, and the trends of agricultural diversi-
fication have been noticed over decades. More than 22% of the farmers are still
reeling under the poverty line. The average income of the farmers is very close to
the average monthly consumption, thereby leaving little scope for saving and
improvement in the standard of living. Rising cost of production, fluctuating market
prices, post-harvest and handling losses, degradation in soil health, impending cli-
mate change and increased climate-related disasters such as droughts and floods and
yield plateaus are the new-generation problems confronted by the farmers. Farmers
face the twin problem of uncertainty in production and risks of fluctuating market.
All these factors have led to the low and stagnating income of farmers and farmer
distress.
In each economy there are primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. Agriculture
and mining are the primary sectors. Agriculture is further divided into the primary
and secondary agriculture. Agriculture is a broad term encompassing all aspects of
successful raising of crops and livestock and to a greater degree successful furnish-
ing of the finished product to the ultimate consumer. Primary agriculture being the
basic and preliminary in operation for harnessing successful produce and to fetch
better market price and value of the farmers’ toil, secondary agriculture becomes
complementary. Secondary agriculture includes “assembling, ripening, cleaning,
grading, sorting, drying, preserving, packing and storing” as put forth in the defini-
tion by Technical Advisory Committee for Secondary Agriculture under the
Planning Commission in 2007. Ashok Dalwai Committee (DFI) (2016) has defined
secondary agriculture as a production activity at the enterprise/farm level envisag-
ing quadruple strategy:
• Sustainability in production
• Monetization of farmers’ produce
• Strengthening of extension services
• Recognizing agriculture as an enterprise and enabling it to operate as such, by
overcoming various shortcomings in its basic structure (Dalwai, 2018)
Different types of secondary agriculture which complement the income from
primary agriculture are classified into three types:
Type A: Value Addition to Primary Agriculture Production Systems
These are vacations that add value to primary agriculture. The activities are either
related to input production or post-harvest centric. The inputs include biofertilizers;
biopesticides; compost/vermicompost; nursery production of fruit plants, vegeta-
bles, field crops and forest trees; and animal food/fodder. Post-harvest activities
predominantly include preconditioning (assaying, pre-cooling and packaging) of
fruits, vegetables, flowers and spices (Fig. 1.1). Post-harvest value additions include
preparation of garlic pastes, extracts, fruit juices/jams and pickles. Weaving,