Seawater in Concrete Mix

145 Pages·2021·125.38 MB·English

by  Hidenori Hamada, Nobuaki Otsuki, Takahiro Nishida

Seawater in

Concrete Mix

Seawater in

Concrete Mix

Hidenori Hamada

Nobuaki Otsuki

Takahiro Nishida
First edition published 2022
by CRC Press
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and by CRC Press
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© 2022 Hidenori Hamada, Nobuaki Otsuki, and Takahiro Nishida
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Hamada, Hidenori, author. | Otsuki, Nobuaki, 1951- author. |
Nishida, Takahiro, author.
Title: Seawater in concrete mix / Hidenori Hamada, Nobuaki Otsuki, Takahiro
Nishida.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2022. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021020235 (print) | LCCN 2021020236 (ebook) | ISBN
9781032046679 (hbk) | ISBN 9781032046693 (pbk) | ISBN 9781003194163
(ebk)
Subjects: LCSH: Concrete--Additives. | Concrete--Chemistry. | Hydration. |
Seawater.
Classification: LCC TA441 .H36 2022 (print) | LCC TA441 (ebook) | DDC
620.1/36--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021020235
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021020236
ISBN: 978-1-032-04667-9 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-04669-3 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-19416-3 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003194163
Typeset in Sabon
by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India
Contents

Preface xi

Contributing Authors xiii

Terminology xv

Acknowledgments xix

Authors xxi

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Seawater Concrete 1

1.2 The Case for Seawater Concrete 1

1.3 Importance of Mineral Admixtures 3

Bibliography 3

PART I

Research and Technology 5

2 Engineering Properties of Seawater Concrete

(with OPC and BFS/FA) 7

2.1 Hydration 7

2.1.1 Mechanism of Hydration Reaction

of OPC in Seawater Concrete 7

(1) Reaction and Reaction Ratio

of Various Cement Clinkers

(C S, C S, C A, C AF) 7

3 2 3 4
(2) Hydration Products 8

v
vi Contents
2.1.2 Reaction of BFS and C S, C S,
3 2
C A, C AF in Seawater Concrete 10
3 4
2.1.3 Reaction of FA and C S, C S,
3 2
C A, C AF in Seawater Concrete 10
3 4
2.1.4 Summary on Hydration 12
Bibliography 12
2.2 Strength 13
2.2.1 Strength of Seawater Concrete with OPC 13
Bibliography 16
2.2.2 Hardened Properties of Seawater
Concrete Made with BFS Cement 18
Bibliography 18
2.2.3 Compressive Strength of Seawater
Concrete Made with FA Cement 20
Bibliography 21
2.3 Durability 21
2.3.1 Steel Corrosion in Seawater
Concrete – Long-term Exposure Tests 21
(1) L ong-term Exposure Test 1 – the
Influence of Mixing Water versus
Type of Cement in the Tidal Zone 21
(2) L ong-term Exposure Test 2 – the
Influence of Mixing Water versus Wet
and Dry Condition in the Tidal Zone 23
(3) L ong-term Exposure Test 3 –
the Influence of Mixing Water
versus W/C in the Tidal Zone 24
(4) S ummary of Steel Corrosion
in Seawater Concrete 26
Bibliography 27
2.3.2 Freeze–Thaw Resistance 28
Bibliography 30
2.3.3 Alkali–Silica Reaction 31
(1) C ase 1: Seawater as Mixing
Water in Concrete 31
(2) C ase 2: Seawater from External Source 32
Bibliography 32
(3) A SR Prevention by Mineral Admixtures 33
Bibliography 33
Contents vii

2.3.4 Long-term Performance Change –

Long-term Exposure Test 33

(1) Outline 34

(2) Material Used 34

(3) Fabrication and Exposure of Specimens 34

(4) Test Results and Conclusions (Series 4) 35

Bibliography 35

3 Special Techniques for Seawater Concrete 37
3.1 Introduction 37

3.2 Mix Design 37

3.2.1 W/C of Seawater Concrete 37

3.2.2 Materials Selection 37

3.3 Prevention of Steel Corrosion in Seawater Concrete 38

3.3.1 Concrete Cover 38

3.3.2 Corrosion Inhibitor 38

Bibliography 38

3.3.3 Types of Reinforcement 39

(1) S tainless Steel Reinforcing Bars 39

Bibliography 41

(2) E poxy-coated Steel Reinforcing Bars 41

Bibliography 43

(3) Bamboo Reinforcement 44

(4) FRP Reinforcement 46

Bibliography 47

3.3.4 Electric Current Control

(Cathodic Protection, etc.) 49

Bibliography 49

3.3.5 Surface Coating 49

Bibliography 50

3.4 Performance-based Design for Reinforced

Seawater Concrete in Marine Environment 50

3.4.1 Outline 50

3.4.2 Calculation of Initiation Period 51

3.4.3 Calculation of Propagation Period 52
viii Contents
(1) Example of Corrosion

Rate (Corrosion Current

Density) Measurement 52

(2) Critical Amount of Corrosion Product

on Steel Bar: The Yokozeki Equation 53

(3) Calculation of Propagation Period 53

3.4.4 Calculation Example (OPC

versus OPC+BFS) 53

(1) Outline of Specimens 53

(2) Measurements 54

Bibliography 55

(3) Results 55

(4) Estimation of Initial and

Propagation Periods and Lifetime 56

(5) Conclusion 59

Bibliography 59

3.5 The Evolution of Design Methodology 59

3.5.1 FIB Model Code 60

Bibliography 61

3.6 Minimum Cover Thickness 61

3.7 Seawater Concrete in Cold Climates 62

3.7.1 Introduction 62

3.7.2 Compressive Strength in a Cold Climate 62

(1) Cast and Cured in the Atmosphere

(–5°C and –10°C Cases) 62

(2) Cast and Cured in Seawater

(Anti-washout Mortar) 64

3.7.3 Corrosion Rate (Corrosion Current

Density) in a Cold Climate 65

(1) Cast and Cured in the Atmosphere

(–5°C and –10°C Cases) 65

(2) Cast and Cured in Seawater

(Anti-washout Mortar) 65

3.7.4 Consistency of Anti-washout Mortar 66

Bibliography 66

3.8 Seawater Concrete with Shirasu 66

3.8.1 Shirasu 66
Contents ix

(1) Volcanic Sediment as a

Construction Material 66

(2) Properties of Shirasu 67

(3) R eactivity of Shirasu 68

3.8.2 Strength of Seawater Mortar

Mixed with Shirasu 70

3.8.3 Corrosion Resistance of Reinforced

Concrete Mixed with Shirasu 70

Bibliography 72

PART II

Actual Constructions 73

4 Japanese Experience with Seawater Concrete 75

4.1 Introduction 75

4.2 Older Structures of Seawater Concrete 75

4.2.1 Lighthouse on Ukushima Island,

Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan 75

Bibliography 76

4.2.2 Port Breakwater Constructed by

Pre-packed Concrete Method 76

4.3 Recent Manufacturing and

Casting of Seawater Concrete 80

4.3.1 Footing Protection Concrete for Exposed

Rocks on Okinotorishima Island, Japan 80

Bibliography 84

4.3.2 Blocks Manufactured with

Seawater Concrete for Soma Port 85

(1) Fabricated Structure and

Construction Method 85

(2) Mix Proportions and Quality Control 86

(3) Concrete Properties 87

4.3.3 Mixer Condition after

Seawater Concrete Mixing 91

Bibliography 91