Seascape ecology

528 Pages·13.051 MB·English

by  Pittman, Simon J(Editor)

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SeascapeEcology
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Seascape Ecology
EditedbySimonJ.Pittman
NOAABiogeographyBranch,SilverSpring,USA
andMarineInstitute,PlymouthUniversity,Plymouth,UK
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2018
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Pittman,SimonJ.,editor.
Title:Seascapeecology/editedbyDr.SimonJ.Pittman.
Description:Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,2018.|Includes
bibliographicalreferencesandindex.|
Identifiers:LCCN2017036860(print)|LCCN2017044138(ebook)|ISBN
9781119084457(pdf)|ISBN9781119084440(epub)|ISBN9781119084433(pbk.
:alk.paper)
Subjects:LCSH:Marineecology.|Landscapeecology.
Classification:LCCQH541.5.S3(ebook)|LCCQH541.5.S3S362017(print)|
DDC577.7–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017036860
CoverDesign:Wiley
CoverImage:(ShoalofSurgeonfishandreef)©JasonEdwards/Gettyimages;
(Offshorewindfarmandserviceboat)©MontyRakusen;
(Seawatersurface)©Andrey_Kuzmin/Shutterstock;
(Structuremolecule)©pro500/Shutterstock;
(Wireframegrid)©DmitriyRazinkov/Shutterstock;(Squaregrid)Wiley
Setin10/12ptWarnockProbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
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v
Contents
Contributors xiii
Foreword xvii
Preface xxi
PartI SpatialPatterningintheSea 1
1 IntroducingSeascapeEcology 3
SimonJ.Pittman
1.1 Introduction 3
(cid:2) 1.2 LandscapeEcologyandtheEmergenceofSeascapeEcology 4 (cid:2)
1.3 WhatisaSeascape? 6
1.3.1 ThePatch-MatrixandPatch-MosaicModelsofSeascape
Structure 8
1.3.2 TheSpatialGradientModelofSeascapeStructure 11
1.3.3 CombiningSpatialGradientsandPatchMosaics 12
1.3.4 ChemicalSeascapesandOceanSoundscapes 13
1.4 WhyScaleMattersinSeascapeEcology 14
1.5 SeascapeEcologycanInformMarineStewardship 16
1.6 ConclusionsandFutureDirections 18
References 19
2 MappingandQuantifyingSeascapePatterns 27
BryanCosta,BrianK.WalkerandJenniferA.Dijkstra
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 DefiningSeascapeApplications 30
2.3 IdentifyingScalesforSeascapeMapping 31
2.4 SensorSelectionforSeascapeMapping 32
2.4.1 PassiveandActiveSensors 33
2.4.2 EnvironmentalConditionsLimitingPassiveandActiveSensors 35
2.5 RepresentingPatternsinSeascapeMaps 36
2.5.1 TheContinuousGradientConcept 37
2.5.2 ThePatch-MosaicModel 40
2.5.3 SpatialSurrogates(Proxies) 42
2.6 QuantifyingSeascapeStructure 43
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vi Contents
2.6.1 SensitivitytoScale 43
2.7 ApplicationsofSeascapeMapsandSpatialPatternMetrics 45
2.7.1 UnderstandingUncertaintyinSeascapeMaps 47
2.8 ConclusionsandFutureResearchPriorities 47
References 48
3 PelagicSeascapes 57
KylieL.Scales,DiegoAlvarez-Berastegui,ClareEmblingandSimonIngram
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 PatternandProcessinthePelagicRealm 58
3.2.1 Broad-scaleBiogeographicProvinces 58
3.2.2 FinerScalePatchinessandPatchDynamics 61
3.2.3 EcoclinesandEcotonesinPelagicSeascapes 62
3.2.4 BeneaththeSurface:theVerticalDimensionofPelagic
Seascapes 64
3.3 SpatialPatternMetricsforPelagicSeascapes 66
3.3.1 PatchMosaicMetrics 67
3.3.2 SurfaceModelMetrics–IdentifyingEcoclinesandEcotones 67
3.3.3 LagrangianApproaches 69
3.4 SpatialEcoinformaticsinthePelagicRealm:fromPhysicsto
Predators 71
3.4.1 Broad-scaleMigrationsacrossPelagicSeascapes 71
(cid:2) 3.4.2 LinkingAnimalMovementstotheSpatialPatterningofPelagic (cid:2)
Seascapes 72
3.4.3 IncorporatingtheVerticalDimensioninSpatialEcoinformatics 73
3.5 ConclusionsandFutureResearchPriorities 74
3.6 Glossary 75
References 76
4 ScaleandScalinginSeascapeEcology 89
DavidC.Schneider
4.1 Introduction 89
4.1.1 TheDevelopmentoftheConceptofScaleintheTwentieth
Century 90
4.1.2 PrevalenceandUsageof‘Scale’intheScientificLiterature 91
4.1.3 DefinitionofScale 93
4.2 ExpressionsofScale 94
4.2.1 GraphicalExpressionofScale 94
4.2.2 GraphicalExpressionofScaleinResearchPlanning 96
4.2.3 FormalExpressionofScale:Scope,SimilarityandPowerLaws 99
4.2.4 ScalingManoeuvres 101
4.2.5 RatioofRatesinResearchPlanning 103
4.3 SpatialandTemporalScalinginEstimatingUncertainty 106
4.4 SpatialandTemporalScalinginthePelagicandBenthic
Realms 107
4.5 LookingtotheFuture:ScalingConceptsandPracticeinSeascape
Ecology 108
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4.5.1 FromUsefulFictionstoCalculation 108
4.5.2 FromComparativetoConfirmatoryModesofInvestigation 108
4.5.3 FromHypothesisTestingtoLikelihood 110
4.5.4 FromScalingonaMosaictoScalingontheContinuum 111
4.6 FromCeterisParibustoDimensionalThinking 111
4.7 Acknowledgements 112
References 112
PartII LinkingSeascapePatternsandEcologicalProcesses 119
5 EcologicalConsequencesofSeagrassandSalt-Marsh
SeascapePatterningonMarineFauna 121
ChristofferBoström,SimonJ.PittmanandCharlesSimenstad
5.1 Introduction 121
5.1.1 SeagrassesandSaltMarshes:GlobalDistributionsandEcosystem
Functions 122
5.2 StructuralProcessesandChangeinCoastalSeascapes 122
5.2.1 ProcessesCreatingandMaintainingSeagrassSeascapes 125
5.2.2 ProcessesCreatingandMaintainingSalt-MarshSeascapes 125
5.2.2.1 TidalChannelNetworksinSaltMarshes 128
5.3 EcologicalConsequencesofSeascapeStructure 128
(cid:2) 5.3.1 SeagrassPatch-sizeEffectsonEpifaunaandFish 128 (cid:2)
5.3.2 PatchEdges:ConceptualFrameworkandApplication 130
5.3.2.1 SeagrassEdgeEffectsonFaunalRecruitmentandDistribution 132
5.3.3 EffectsofSalt-MarshPatchSize,EdgesandConnectivityonFaunal
PatternsandProcesses 133
5.3.4 FaunalLinkagesbetweenSaltMarshesandSeagrassMeadows 135
5.4 ChallengesandOpportunitiesinSeascapeEcology 138
References 140
6 SeascapePatchDynamics 153
EmmaL.Jackson,RolandoO.Santos-CorujoandSimonJ.Pittman
6.1 Introduction 153
6.2 FromPatchDynamicstoSeascapeEcology 155
6.3 Scale 158
6.4 FactorsInfluencingSeascapePatchiness 160
6.5 MappingandQuantifyingSeascapeChange 163
6.5.1 HabitatMappingforChangeAnalysis 164
6.5.2 CharacterizationofSpatialPatterns 166
6.5.2.1 ContinuousMetricsandSurfaceAnalysis 167
6.5.2.2 Metrics,ScaleandSensitivityAnalysis 168
6.5.2.3 QuantifyingSeascapeChange 168
6.5.3 SeascapeHabitatLossversusFragmentation 170
6.5.4 SeascapeModelling 173
6.6 TheFutureofSeascapeDynamicsResearch 175
References 177
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7 AnimalMovementsthroughtheSeascape:Integrating
MovementEcologywithSeascapeEcology 189
SimonJ.Pittman,BenjaminDavisandRolandoO.Santos-Corujo
7.1 Introduction 189
7.1.1 WhyAnimalMovementisCentraltoSeascapeEcology 191
7.1.2 AdvancesinMovementEcologyanditsApplicationinMarine
Systems 193
7.1.3 TrackingandMappingCapabilities 194
7.2 UsingAnimalMovementstoScaleEcologicalStudies 196
7.2.1 BuildingMovementScalesintoConceptualandOperational
Frameworks 199
7.2.1.1 Component1:BuildaConceptualModel 199
7.2.1.2 Component2:SelectingScale 199
7.2.1.3 Component3:ToolsIdentification 201
7.3 AdvancesintheVisualisationandQuantificationofSpace-use
Patterns 201
7.3.1 EstimatingandMappingUtilisationDistributions 201
7.3.2 AnalysingSpatiotemporalUtilisationPatterns 204
7.3.3 VisualizingMovementPatternsacrossThreeSpatial
Dimensions 206
7.4 LinkingAnimalMovementPatternstoSeascapePatterns 208
7.4.1 LinkingIndividualMovementTrajectoriestoSeascape
(cid:2) Structure 209 (cid:2)
7.4.2 IndividualMovementandSeascapeConnectivity 211
7.4.3 LinkingSpeciesInteractionsandPhysiologywithMovementsacross
Seascapes 212
7.4.4 ExperimentalSeascapestoInvestigateAnimalResponsetoSeascape
Patterns 214
7.4.5 MechanisticModels 215
7.5 ImplicationsofAnimal-SeascapeUnderstandingforMarine
Stewardship 215
References 217
8 UsingIndividual-basedModelstoExploreSeascape
Ecology 229
KevinA.HovelandHelenM.Regan
8.1 Introduction 229
8.1.1 WhatareIBMs? 229
8.2 WhyuseIBMstoStudySeascapeEcology? 231
8.2.1 TheEffectsofHabitatStructureonPopulationsareConsequencesof
OrganismalBehavior 231
8.2.2 IBMsAllowforExtensiveManipulationofSeascapes 235
8.2.3 IBMscanbeUsedtoTestforEcologicalEffectsofHabitat
ConfigurationversusHabitatAmount 239
8.2.4 IBMsAllowTestsofHowSeascapeChangeInfluencesEcological
Processes 241
8.2.5 IBMsAllowtheCouplingofProcessesOperatingoverDifferent
Scales 245
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