Searching for Normal in the Wake of the Liberian War PENNSYLVANIASTUDIESINHUMANRIGHTS BertB.Lockwood,Jr.,SeriesEditor SEARCHING FOR NORMAL IN THE WAKE OF THE LIBERIAN WAR Sharon Alane Abramowitz UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS PHILADELPHIA Copyright(cid:2)2014UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress Allrightsreserved.Exceptforbriefquotationsusedforpurposesofreviewor scholarlycitation,noneofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformbyanymeans withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher. Publishedby UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress Philadelphia,Pennsylvania19104-4112 www.upenn.edu/pennpress PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica onacid-freepaper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Abramowitz,SharonAlane. SearchingfornormalinthewakeoftheLiberianwar/SharonAlane Abramowitz.—1sted. p.cm.—(Pennsylvaniastudiesinhumanrights) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-8122-4626-1(hardcover:alk.paper) 1.Socialpsychology—Liberia.2.Postwarreconstruction—Liberia.3.Mental health—Liberia—Internationalrelations.4.Psychictrauma—Liberia. 5.Women—Violenceagainst—Liberia.6.Liberia—Socialconditions—1980– 7.Liberia—History—CivilWar,1989–1996—Psychologicalaspects. 8.Liberia—History—CivilWar,1999–2003—Psychologicalaspects.I.Title.II.Series: Pennsylvaniastudiesinhumanrights. HM1027.L7A27 2014 306.09666209(cid:2)04—dc23 2014004863 For Judy and Jacob Abramowitz, Gertrude and Jerome Eisenbruck, and Myron Wolk C o n t e n t s ListofAbbreviations ix 1.SearchingforNormalintheWakeoftheLiberianWar 1 2.Clusters,Coordination,andHealthSectorTransitions 32 3.TraumaandtheNewNormal 61 4.IndividualInterventions 91 5.TheGBVProxy 118 6.Ex-CombatantRehabilitation 158 7.RedemptionTime 183 8.TheHealers 211 Notes 237 Bibliography 241 Index 255 Acknowledgments 267 A b b r e v i a t i o n s AFELL AssociationofFemaleLawyersofLiberia AFL ArmedForcesofLiberia CVT CenterforVictimsofTorture DDRR Disarmament,Demobilization,Rehabilitation,Reintegration DSM DiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders ECOMOG EconomicCommunityMonitoringGroup ECOWAS EconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStates GBV gender-basedviolence IASC Inter-AgencyStandingCommittee ICD InternationalClassificationofDisorders ICG InternationalCrisisGroup ICRC InternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross IDP internallydisplacedperson IRC InternationalRescueCommittee JIU JointImplementationUnit LCIP LiberiaCommunityInfrastructureProgram LNP LiberiaNationalPolice LURD LiberiansUnitedforReconciliationandDemocracy LWF/WS LutheranWorldFederation/WorldService MDM Me´decinsduMonde MHPCC [Liberian]MentalHealthandPsychosocialCoordination Committee MHPSS MentalHealthandPsychosocialSupport MOHSW [Liberian]MinistryofHealthandSocialWelfare MSF Me´decinsSansFrontie`res NASW NationalAssociationofSocialWorkersofLiberia NCDDRR NationalCommissiononDDRR NEPI NationalEx-CombatantPeacebuildingInitiative