Seamless Healthcare Monitoring: Advancements in Wearable, Attachable, and Invisible Devices PDF
Preview Seamless Healthcare Monitoring: Advancements in Wearable, Attachable, and Invisible Devices
Toshiyo Tamura · Wenxi Chen Editors Seamless Healthcare Monitoring Advancements in Wearable, Attachable, and Invisible Devices Seamless Healthcare Monitoring Toshiyo Tamura (cid:129) Wenxi Chen Editors Seamless Healthcare Monitoring Advancements in Wearable, Attachable, and Invisible Devices Editors ToshiyoTamura WenxiChen WasedaUniversity TheUniversityofAizu Shinjuku,Tokyo,Japan Aizu-Wakamatsu,Fukushima,Japan ISBN978-3-319-69361-3 ISBN978-3-319-69362-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69362-0 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017959890 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Seamless monitoring of diverse physiological information in various daily life scenarios, whether asleep or awake, indoors or outdoors, is indispensable for long-term healthcare. Devices for such a purpose differ from conventional ones thatarehospital-centeredandaimedatshort-termusagebyprofessionalpersonnel. Throughscrutinizingthelatestachievementsinthisrealm,weclassifythedevices intothreemodalities:wearable,attachable,andinvisible. Awearabledeviceisdefinedasamonitoringmodalitythatiswornbyauserin dailylife.Itisusuallyintegratedintoitemsuseddaily(watch,eyeglass,ring,vest, gloves, belt, shirt, brassiere, shoes, necklace, and barrette) as an inseparable component. An individual customized size is usually required. It often moves withtheuserubiquitouslywithoutanyapparentorobtrusiveparts. Anattachabledeviceisdefinedasamonitoringmodalitythatshouldbeattached ontothebodynoninvasivelyorcanbetouchedoccasionallybyauserintentionally. It is not a necessary item but has an unnoticeable impact on daily life such as a tattoo, pad, pedometer, mobile phone, tablet, and other portable devices. It is usually“one-sizefitsall.” An invisible device is defined as a monitoring modality that is embedded into ambient items (beds, chairs, desks, bathtubs, dressing mirrors, desk lamps, and ceilinglamps)completelywithouttheuser’sawareness.Itisusuallyimmobileand usedinafixedposition.Automaticidentificationofusersisindispensable. Inthisbook,activeandprestigiousworldwideresearchers/scholarsareinvitedto investigatethehistoricaldevelopmentinarelevantfieldextensively,summarizethe latest advancements thoroughly, and envision future prospects ambitiously for further exploration. Each chapter generally comprises several main sections such as introduction/background, physical/chemical principle and instrumentation, sig- nalprocessinganddataanalysis,achievedoutcomesandapplicationscenarios,and prosandcons,aswellasfutureresearchtopics. ThisbookconsistsofsevenPartsin14Chapterswithawidecoverageofvarious physicalandchemicalquantitiessuch aselectricity,pressure,flow,motion,force, v vi Preface temperature, gases, biomarkers, physical activity and nutrition. Multiple profes- sional disciplinary fields are involved from biomechanics to bioelectricity, bio- chemistrytobiophysics,andbioelectronicstobiomaterials. Part 1 describes three typical bioelectric signals including electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalogram (EEG), and electromyogram (EMG). Insights are providedinto threeaspects ofhuman functionalities: synchronization, central com- mander,andmechanicalexecution.Chapter1highlightsthediscoveryofindiscern- ible information, such as health condition change, lifestyle change, biorhythmicity, andsleepstage,fromECG/HRVindifferentanalyticaldomainsandvarioustemporal scales. Chapter 2 overviews the state of the art in EEG measurement and, in particular, recent developments in ear EEG and in conformal tattoo electrodes for long-termandemergentmonitoringapplications.Chapter3reviewswirelesssurface electromyography (SEMG) devices and their applications in medicine and sports. Specificconditionssuchaslowerbackpain,stroke,epilepsy,andParkinson’sdisease arediscussedindetail. Part2describestwoapproachesforthemonitoringofpressuresignalsinterms ofbloodpressureandballistocardiogram.Bothareconvenientmethodsusedforthe evaluation of cardiovascular system dynamics. Chapter 4 provides the latest advancesinthedevelopmentofbothcuff-basedandcufflesssphygmomanometers. Intermittent and continuous measurements made in various modalities, such as a wristwatch,smartphone,carsteeringwheel,andchair,aresummarized.Chapter5 describes ballistocardiography (BCG) to observe longitudinal changes in human cardiovascular status and to offer meaningful information for disease diagnosis. SeveralsymptomsanddiseasesarelinkedtotheabnormalwaveformsofBCG. Part3describesthemeasurementofflowphenomenonintermsofpulsewaves andbloodflow.PhotoplethysmogramandultrasonicDopplerarecommonlyusedin the evaluation of physiological significance. Chapter 6 reviews photoplethysmography (PPG) using recent optical technology, in particular, the useofhigh-intensitygreenLEDsforPPG,andthelatestdevelopmentinwearable monitors for pulse and respiratory rates. Chapter 7 focuses on the ultrasound approach in velocity measurement and imaging and describes the latest develop- mentinportablehandheldultrasounddevicesandtheirapplicationsinpointofcare anddailyhealthcaremonitoring. Part 4 focuses on the latest wearable technologies for the quantification of humanmotionsandforces,suchaswalkingsteps,walkingstrides,walkingspeed, energyexpenditure,andphysicalperformance.Chapter8examinesthetechnolog- ical principle of wearable units using several types of sensors such as an acceler- ometer, gyroscope, magnetic sensor, and insole force sensor and assesses these sensorsforpatientrehabilitationinclinicalpracticeandsports.Chapter9highlights asmarttextilesuitasacontinuousdailymonitoringplatformtorecognizeposture, gesture, activity, and physical interaction with the environment, in combination with physiological signals, such as EMG, ECG/HRV, and respiratory signals, to provide a complete profile of the subject in terms of physical activity and energy expenditure. Preface vii Part5describesvariousformsofwearablethermometers,suchastouch,patch, andinvisible(radiometry),bycontactandnoncontactmethodsforthemeasurement of skin temperature, deep body temperature, heat flow, and evaporation intermit- tentlyandcontinuouslyintheenvironmentofdailylife.Mostwearablethermom- eters can be connected to a smartphone or a tablet for data processing and visualization. Their applications include monitoring of fever, circadian rhythm, energyexpenditure,mentalstress,andsweatevaporation. Part 6 focuses on gases and chemical substances produced in metabolism. The traceelementsandbiomarkersprovidesignificanthintsforaccuratediagnosticsat the molecular level in the early stages of changes in physiological condition. Chapter11reviewshistoricaldevelopmentandengineeringprinciplesinthemon- itoringofoxygensaturationbyapulseoximeterandmonitoringofexpiredcarbon dioxide(CO )byacapnometeranddiscussestheirclinicalapplicationandlimita- 2 tion.Chapter12describesfourcategoriesofchemicalsensorsofgas/odor,glucose, traceelements,andbiomarkers.Thesesensorsworkondifferentprinciplessuchas electrochemicalreactions,opticalinteractions,andimmuneantigen–antibodyreac- tionsandareusedtodetectdifferentkindsofchemicalsubstances,suchasethanol, urine,glucose,DNA,andRNA. Part 7 describes two aspects of metabolism-related monitoring of nutrition intake and energy expenditure in daily activities. Chapter 13 proposes a concept of automatic dietary monitoring (ADM) that intends to derive dietary activities, such as food preparation, intake, and digestion processes, by unobtrusive sensors and a knowledge-based physiological model. Chapter 14 introduces wearable devices targeted at analyzing human kinetics and profiling physical activities in daily life by several approaches such as inertial, biopotential, bioimpedance, and optical sensors and presents a systematic framework for quantitatively assessing energyexpenditureandcalorieconsumption. All of these dedications and commitments will help identify our common concerns, provide us insights into further endeavors, support seamless life-long healthcaremonitoringfromthewombtothetomb,formulateinnovativebusiness/ services,fosteranewdiscipline“metrologyofhealth”or“healthology”basedona holisticviewofhealth,andfinallyimproveourhealthconditionaswellasquality oflife. Thisbookcanbeconsideredacollectionoftreatisesthatprovideanintroductory tutorialfornotonlystudentsandyoungscientistsbutalsoawiderangeofreaders, suchasbiomedicalengineeringresearchers,computerengineers,healthcareentre- preneurs, administrative officers, policy makers, market vendors, and healthcare personnel,toperceiveawholepictureandtoignitetheirpassionandinspirationin thisfascinatingfield. We appreciate all the authors who have devoted their enthusiasm and shared theirexpertiseonavarietyofspecializedtopicstoencouragemorededicationand further exploration toward a bright and promising future. It was also our great pleasure to work with Ms. Marta Moldvai and Ms. Brinda Megasyamalan in Springer, and we thank them for their professional support throughout the viii Preface preparationofthisbook.Finally,wethankNakataniFoundationfortheAdvance- ment of Measuring Technologies in Biomedical Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, that helpedtomakethisbookareality. Shinjuku,Tokyo,Japan ToshiyoTamura Tsuruga,Ikki-machi,Aizu-Wakamatsu, WenxiChen Fukushima,Japan Contents PartI BioelectricSignals 1 Electrocardiogram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 WenxiChen 2 Electroencephalogram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 AlexanderJ.Casson,MohammedAbdulaal,MeeraDulabh, SiddharthKohli,SammyKrachunov,andEleanorTrimble 3 Electromyogram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 JunAkazawa,MasakiYoshida,TakemasaOkamoto, andKazuhikoTaniguchi PartII PressureSignals 4 BloodPressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 ToshiyoTamura 5 Ballistocardiography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 KwangSukParkandHeenamYoon PartIII PulseandFlow 6 Photoplethysmogram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 ToshiyoTamuraandYukaMaeda 7 UltrasoundDopplerVelocityandImaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 ToshiyoTamura PartIV MotionandForce 8 WearableUnits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 ToshiyoTamura ix x Contents 9 SmartTextileSuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 RitaParadiso,GianlucaDeToma,andCarloMancuso PartV Temperature 10 BodyTemperature,HeatFlow,andEvaporation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 ToshiyoTamura,MingHuang,andTatsuoTogawa PartVI GasesandChemicalSubstances 11 Gases. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. 311 NaokiKobayashiandShinjiYamamori 12 ChemicalSubstances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 335 YingFu,AnnengYang,andFengYan PartVII NutritionandEnergyExpenditure 13 AutomaticDietaryMonitoringUsingWearableAccessories. . . . . . 369 GiovanniSchiboniandOliverAmft 14 PhysicalActivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 RicardDelgado-Gonzalo,PhilippeRenevey,AliaLemkaddem, MathieuLemay,JosepSol(cid:1)a,IlkkaKorhonen,andMattiaBertschi Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
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