Sea Ice in the Arctic: Past, Present and Future PDF
Preview Sea Ice in the Arctic: Past, Present and Future
Springer Polar Sciences Ola M. Johannessen Leonid P. Bobylev Elena V. Shalina Stein Sandven Editors Sea Ice in the Arctic Past, Present and Future Springer Polar Sciences Serieseditor JamesFord,PriestleyInternationalCentreforClimate,UniversityofLeeds,Leeds, WestYorkshire,UK SpringerPolarSciences Springer Polar Sciences is an interdisciplinary book series that is dedicated to research in the Arctic, sub-Arctic regions, and the Antarctic. In recent years, the polarregionshavereceivedincreasedscientificandpublicinterest.BoththeArctic and Antarctic have been recognized as key regions in the regulation of the global climate,andpolarecosystemshavebeenidentifiedtobeparticularlysusceptibleto theongoingenvironmentalchanges.Consequently,theinternationaleffortsinpolar research have been enhanced considerably, and a wealth of new findings is being producedatagrowingratebytheinternationalcommunityofpolarresearchers. SpringerPolarSciencesaimstopresentabroadplatformthatwillincludestate- of-the-art research, bringing together both science and humanities to facilitate an exchangeofknowledgebetweenthevariouspolarsciencecommunities.TheSeries offers an outlet to publish contributions, monographs, edited works, conference proceedings, etc. Topicsandperspectiveswillbebroadandwillinclude,butnotbe limited to: climate change impacts, environmental change, polar ecology, governance, health, economics, indigenous populations, tourism and resource extractionactivities.Bookspublishedintheserieswillappealtoscientists,students, polarresearchersandpolicymakers. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/15180 (cid:129) Ola M. Johannessen Leonid P. Bobylev (cid:129) Elena V. Shalina Stein Sandven Editors Sea Ice in the Arctic Past, Present and Future Editors OlaM.Johannessen LeonidP.Bobylev NansenScientificSociety NansenInternationalEnvironmentaland Bergen,Norway RemoteSensingCentre(NIERSC) SaintPetersburg,Russia ElenaV.Shalina SteinSandven NansenInternationalEnvironmentaland NansenEnvironmentalandRemote RemoteSensingCentre(NIERSC)and SensingCenter SaintPetersburgStateUniversity Bergen,Norway SaintPetersburg,Russia UniversityCentreinSvalbard Longyearbyen,Svalbard,Norway ISSN2510-0475 ISSN2510-0483 (electronic) SpringerPolarSciences ISBN978-3-030-21300-8 ISBN978-3-030-21301-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21301-5 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Foreword Sea ice is recognised to have a significant influence on global climate. It has an impactontheheatexchangebetweentheoceanandatmosphere,acriticalinfluence on the high-latitude atmosphere and freshwater balance, and an essential role in regulatingtheglobalthermohalinecirculation.“WhathappensintheArcticdoesn’t stayintheArctic”hasbecomeanimportantcatchphrase. ThelossofseaiceisjustoneeffectoftheincreasinglywarmerArctic,whichis warmingataratetwotothreetimesfasterthantherestoftheplanetonaverage.The changeintemperaturesatthepolescanhaveamajoreffectonallpartsoftheglobe becauseoftheinterconnectednatureofEarth’sclimatesystem. Againstthisbackdrop,thebookSeaIceintheArctic:Past,PresentandFuture, edited by Ola M. Johannessen and colleagues, provides essential information and assessesthecurrentsituationofArcticseaice.Sketchingoutthelong-termperspec- tive, the book treats a wide range of relevant topics. For example, it discusses the reconstruction of paleo-records (spanning a reference frame for the exceptional nature of today’s changes), highlights more recent observations and methods (including measurements from space), and touches upon future trends like the use ofartificialintelligenceinseaiceclassificationandcorollaryeffectsliketheimpact ofclimatechangeontheArcticeconomy. The European Space Agency (ESA) hasbeen addressing Arctic sea ice through variousprojectsliketheClimateChangeInitiative(CCI),whichfeaturesseaiceas anEssentialClimateVariable(ECV),andthroughseaicemonitoringdatasetsfrom CryoSat, SMOS, Sentinel-1, and Sentinel-3. They are fundamental to data assimi- lation into coupled models and for delivering operational services through the CopernicusMarineEnvironmentMonitoringService(CMEMS). TheESAremainscommittedtocontinueitsendeavoursinthisregard,astheneed for sustained sea ice and ocean data sets in theArctic is recognised by Copernicus users. Three relevant Copernicus Sentinel high-priority candidate missions are currentlybeing studied: animaging passivemicrowavemission(for iceconcentra- tion),apolariceandsnowtopographymission(forseaicethickness),andanL-band syntheticapertureradar(SAR)missionasacomplementtoSentinel-1. v vi Foreword ESA’s activities in the domain of Arctic sea ice are just one element of a wide- scaleefforttomonitorandprotectourplanetEarthforfuturegenerations–aglobal endeavour by nature – requiring a holistic societal approach. This book is an important element of this endeavour, raising awareness, informing public debate, andsketchingawayforwardtotacklethestrategictopicofArcticseaice. DirectorofEarthObservationProgrammes JosefAschbacher EuropeanSpaceAgency Frascati,Italy Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 OlaM.Johannessen 2 SeaIceintheArcticPaleoenvironments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 LeonidP.BobylevandMartinW.Miles 3 MarginalIceZoneandIce-Air-OceanInteractions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 OlaM.Johannessen,SteinSandven,RichardDavy, andEinarO.Olason 4 ChangesinArcticSeaIceCoverintheTwentieth andTwenty-FirstCenturies. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 93 ElenaV.Shalina,OlaM.Johannessen,andSteinSandven 5 ArcticSeaIceThicknessandVolumeTransformation. . . . . . . . . . 167 ElenaV.Shalina,KirillKhvorostovsky,andSteinSandven 6 SARSeaIceTypeClassificationandDriftRetrieval intheArctic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 NataliaY.Zakhvatkina,DenisDemchev,SteinSandven, VladimirA.Volkov,andAlexanderS.Komarov 7 SeaIceDriftintheArctic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 VladimirA.Volkov,AlexandraMushta,andDenisDemchev 8 SeaIceModelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 MattiLeppäranta,ValentinP.Meleshko,PetteriUotila, andTatianaPavlova 9 OperationalForecastingofSeaIceintheArcticUsingTOPAZ System. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 389 LaurentBertinoandJipingXie vii viii Contents 10 CurrentandProjectedSeaIceintheArcticintheTwenty-First Century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 ValentinP.Meleshko,TatianaPavlova,LeonidP.Bobylev, andPavelGolubkin 11 ClimateChangeImpactontheArcticEconomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 LasseH.Pettersson,AntonG.Kjelaas,DmitryV.Kovalevsky, andKlausHasselmann 12 Annex:SARSeaIceInterpretationGuide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 OlaM.Johannessen Afterword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 575 OlaM.Johannessen Contributors Laurent Bertino Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway Leonid P. Bobylev Nansen International Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre(NIERSC),SaintPetersburg,Russia Richard Davy Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway DenisDemchev ArcticandAntarcticResearchInstitute,SaintPetersburg,Russia NansenInternationalEnvironmentalandRemoteSensingCentre,SaintPetersburg, Russia PavelGolubkin NansenInternationalEnvironmentalandRemoteSensingCentre, SaintPetersburg,Russia KlausHasselmann MaxPlanckInstituteforMeteorology,Hamburg,Germany OlaM.Johannessen NansenScientificSociety(NSS),Bergen,Norway Kirill Khvorostovsky Russian State Hydrometeorological University, Saint Petersburg,Russia Anton G. Kjelaas Norwegian Scientific Academy for Polar Research, Nesoddtangen,Norway Alexander S. Komarov Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada Dmitry V. Kovalevsky Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS), Helmholtz- Zentrum,Geesthacht,Germany MattiLeppäranta InstituteforAtmosphericandEarthSystemResearch(INAR), UniversityofHelsinki,Helsinki,Finland ix
The list of books you might like
