SCREW PUMPS ROTEX POMPS CENTRIFUGAL PW STAINLESS, ALLOY STEEL CASTINGS ...

244 Pages·2015·34.74 MB·English

by  Martyna Darowska

SCREW PUMPS
ROTEX POMPS
CENTRIFUGAL PW
STAINLESS, ALLOY
heat -resisting , and pressur
STEEL CASTINGS
burgh, Pa. McKeesport, Pa,
Standard corrosion resistant equipment
which stands up under the higher pressures,
often increasing yields and speeding up re­
actions, is now available in the Pfaudler
“R” Series of reaction kettles.
This series of ASME code built high pres­
sure glass lined reaction kettles of all welded
steel further extends the advantages of highly
acid resisting Pfaudler Glass. Moreover, the
range in which these standardized kettles
are available—350 to 2000 gallons gives you
a wide choice.
Standard reactors are built for a maximum
internal pressure of 50 lbs. per square inch
and 90 lbs. jacket pressure (or 75 lbs. jacket
pressure with full internal vacuum). By
supplying reinforced openings where neces­
sary, these units can be used for internal
pressures up to and including 125 lbs. per
square inch.
CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
1. Standard Pfaudler spiral gear drives are motor
driven and built for rugged service. Pedestal
mounting makes it unnecessary to disturb drive
while maintaining stuffing box.
2. High duty stuffing boxes for agitators feature
replaceable wearing sleeves. Rotary seals are
leak-proof and can be protected for full chemical
service. Water jacket may be added or removed
as required. Semi- and full- automatic oilers are
available.
3. Ample top-head openings with machined flanges
meet 95% of processing requirements. Include
two 2", two 4", one 5" and one 6" openings be­
sides opening for agitator. Additional openings
may be added. Note 30" opening for assembly
of agitator, fitted with 12" by 16" manhole with
clamped cover—minimum gasket area.
4. The Pfaudler agitative system, consisting of
glass covered impeller agitator, with or without
adjustable upward or downward deflecting
baffles, is capable of handling entire range of
reaction problems. New thermometer well in
baffles makes thermometer more responsive—
gives almost instantaneous indication.
5. New welded outlet diaphragm eliminates cum­
bersome bottom outlet stuffing box. It is designed
to take necessary expansion and contraction and
meets ASME code requirements.
Send for copy of Bulletin 810.
CUSTOM BUILT
GLASS LINED STEEL EQUIPMENT
Custom built glass lined steel equipment ranges
from small laboratory mixers and stills to reaction
towers, special reactors for extremely high pressure,
rotary dryer shells, castings, evaporators, storage,
mixing, heating or cooling vessels.
Unit shown is a special 5 gallon revolving mixer
built for 200 PSI (internal) and 75 PSI (jacket).
THE PFAUDLER CO., Rochester 4, N. Y. Branch Offices: 330 West 42nd
I f a u d le r St., New York 18, N. Y.; 1442 Conway Bldg., Chicago 2, 111.; 1325 Howard
St., San Francisco 3, Calif.; 455 Paul Brown Bldg., St. Louis 1, Mo.; 7310
Woodward Ave., Detroit 2, Mich.; 1318 1st Nat’l Bank Bldg., Cincinnati 2, 0.;
1228 Commercial Trs. Bldg., Philadelphia 2, Pa.; 751 Little Bldg., Boston 16,
Mass.; 1034 Washington Bldg., Washington 5, D. C.; Box 982, Chattanooga
1, Tenn.; Enamelled Metal Products Corp., Ltd., Artillery House, Artillery
Row, S.W. 1, England.
THE P F A U D L E R C O M P A N Y , R O C H E S T E R 4 , N E W Y O R K
r A T O C OF C O R__ R_ O__ S~ IO NQ a RE5” Sr” In Si* TT AA_- MN- -TT DP RD OCr* Er Sr> Sir E Q U-l P-M T^N t
)
EDITOR: WALTER J. MURPHY ISSUED APRIL 6, 1945 • VOL. 37, NO. 4 • CONSECUTIVE NO. 7
Assistant to Editor: N. A. PARKINSON
DEPARTMENTS
Managing Editor: F. J. VAN ANTWERPEN Editorials............................................................................................................................. 307
Associate Editor: JAMES M. CROWE Headlines . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................407
I. & E. C. Reports.......................................................................................................................... *5
Midwest Editor: ROBERT F. GOULD As We See It ............................................................................................................................... *65
Industrial Editor: HARRY W. STENERSON Equipment and Design. Charles Owen Brown . . . . . . . . . ..................................* *71
Instrumentation. Ralph H. M unch.......................................................................................... 77
Manuscript Editor: HELEN K. NEWTON
Plant Management. Walter von Pechmann........................................................ 83
Make-up Editor: BERTHA REYNOLDS Last-Minute Flashes . . . . ....................................................*138
Manuscript Assistant: STELLA ANDERSON TECHNICAL ARTICLES
CATALYSIS IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
Contributing Editors
Surface Area of Catalysts. H. E. Ries, Jr., R. A. Van Nordstrand, and J. W. Teter 311
Charles Owen Brown Carbon Formation in Catalytic Cracking. Alexis Voorhies, Jr...................................318
Production of Isoparafiins. V. I. Komarewsky and Lee W arson...............................323
Ralph H. M unch
Silica-Alumina Gels. P. B. Elkin, C. G. Shull, and L. C. Roess.............................327
W alter von Pechmann Fluidized Fixed Bed. Charles L. Thomas and James Hoekstra . .,......................332
Catalytic Isomerization of 1-Hexene. . . ..................................................................
Russell G. Hay, C. W. Montgomery, and James Coull 335
Advisory Board
Catalysis in Synthetic Liquid-Fuel Processes. H. H. Storch......................................340
W. L. BADGER H. R. MURDOCK Naphthene Pyrolysis for Butadiene...........................................
H. E. BARNARD C. F. PRUTTON Lloyd Berg, George L. Sumner, Jr., C. W. Montgomery, and James Coull 352
W. H. DOW A. S. RICHARDSON Promoted Chromia-Alumina Catalyst for Converting n-Heptane to Toluene. . . .
GASTON DUBOIS W. A. SCHMIDT R. C. Archibald and B. S. Greensfelder 356
GUSTAVUS J. ESSELEN R. N.SHREVE Heptenes and Heptanes from Propylene and Butylenes....................................................
V. N. Ipatieff and R. E. Schaad 362
PER K. FROLICH L. V. STECK
Emulsion Polymerization of Acrylic Esters................................................................................
C. F. KETTERING C. M. A. STINE W. C. Mast, Lee T. Smith, and C. H. Fisher 365
O. E. MAY E. C. SULLIVAN Quality of Canned Orange Juice. J. M. Boyd and G. T. Peterson ........................370
C.S. MINER E. R. WEIDLEIN Separation of Cholesterol from Degras......................................................................................
J. M. WEISS Lester Yoder, O. R. Sweeney, and L. K. Arnold 374
Effect of Atmospheric Humidity on GR-S. F. E. Rupert and F. W. Gage . . . . 378
Methyl Acrylate by Pyrolysis of Methyl Acetoxypropionate......................................
W. P. Ratchford and C. H. Fisher 382
The American Chemical Society assumes no re­
sponsibility for the statements and opinions ad­ Preparation of Methyl Lactate. E. M. Filachione, J. H. Lengel, and C. H. Fisher . 388
vanced by contributors to its publications. Fermentation of Wood Sugars to Ethyl Alcohol. R. H. Leonard and G. J. Hajny 390
Copyright 1945 by American Chemical Society Cashew Nutshell Liquid. David Wasserman and Charles R. Dawson........................396
32,600 copies of this issue printed Red Lead-Alkyd Resin Reactions. A. J. Eickhoff, L. M. Kebrich, and J. G. Wills 399
Compatibility of DDT with Insecticides, Fungicides, and Fertilizers................................
Elmer E. Fleck and H. L Haller 403
The photograph above shows spheroid tanks Fermentation Process for Itaconic Acid. Lewis B. Lockwood and George E. Ward 405
alkylation unit, and catalytic cracking units at Baton
Rouge, La., refinery of Standard Oil Co. of N. J. * Indicates page number in the advertising section.
Published by the American Chemical Society at Easton, Pa. Editorial Head- D. C. Changes of address for the Industrial Edition must be received on or before the
auarters: 1155 16th Street, N. W., Washington 6, D. C., telephone, Republic 5301/ 18th of the preceding month and for the Analytical Edition not later than the 30tb
cable, Jiechem (Washinston). New York Editorial Branch, 60 East 42nd Street, of the preceding month. Claims for missing numbers will not be allowed (1) if re­
f\|ew York 17, N. V., telephone, Murray Hill 2-4662. Chicago Editorial Branch, ceived more than 60 days from date of issue (owing to the hazards of wartime delivery,
310 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago 4, III., telephone Wabash 7376. Business no claims can be honored from subscribers outside of North America), (2) if loss was
Office: American Chemical Society, 1155 16th Street, N. W., Washington 6, D. C. due to failure of notice of change of address to be received before the dates specified
Advertising Office: 332 West 42nd Street, New York 18, N. Y.; telephone, in the preceding sentence, or (3) if the reason for claim is "missing from files”.
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Fdition monthly on the 15th. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage pro­ Industrial Edition $0.75, Analytical Edition $0.50/ back numbers, Industrial Edition
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Remittances and orders faf subscriptions and for single copies, notices of changes The American Chemical Society also publishes Chemical and Engineering
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4 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY Vol. 37, No. 4
WHEN YOU STUDY
YOUR FILTER EQUIPMENT
... that’s the time to decide on your
FILTER AID
Filtration engineers and progressive makers of filter ing out the test work necessary to assure the proper
equipment agree that there should be a definite relation­ balance between filtration equipment and filter aid for
ship between filter equipment and filter aid. This means greatest efficiency.
the filter aid best suited to your needs must be determined
Nine standardized grades of J-M Celite Filter Aids are
before your filter station can be properly designed.
available providing a wide range of porosities and screening
Whether you are planning a new filter station or want properties. If you are already using Celite, certain minor
to increase the capacity of present equipment, Johns- changes in equipment and procedure may further in­
Manville’s 30 years’ experience in working with filter crease capacity, reduce cost. If not, it will pay you to in­
equipment manufacturers and filter-aid applications may vestigate these filter aids and this service. Write today for
prove of valuable assistance to you. We will be glad to further information. Address: Johns-Manville, 22 East
co-operate with you and your equipment maker in carry - 40th Street, New York 16, N. Y.
Johns-Manville
*
Filter-Cel • Standard Super-Cel • Hyflo Super-Cel
Celite No. 501 • Celite No. 503 • Celite No. 505
Celite No. 512 • Celite No. 535 • Celite No. 545
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
AND
Hoarding Helium. The Texas Panhandle, where the By this process, a virtually unbroken 2-inch cylinder
saying is it can rain more in five minutes and less in five was extended for thirty-two miles, under rivers (which
years than in any other place in the world, will be the sometime have water in them), through valleys, and over
location of the greatest single helium storage reservoir in elevations. But before being coated and wrapped to
the world—a gigantic underground cache. minimize corrosion, the line was filled with natural gas and
Deep in the heart of Texas (not quite) and thirty-two carefully examined for leaks. In checking for leaks, every
miles north of Amarillo is Exell, set down in the middle inch of the line was submerged and passed through a mov­
of the cow country. As you drive from Amarillo, you able water trough. By using gas for internal pressure, the
might easily miss the Bureau of Mines’ biggest helium slightest leak was detected when the line was placed in
plant. For in the distance—and distances in that country water.
are as far as the eye can reach—the plant looks like a To guard against damage and loss of helium when in­
dozen or more natural gasoline plants which still seem in­ advertent breaks occur, the line is equipped with a series of
congruous on the Texas range. Really Exell is not a special valves, designed by a Bureau of Mines’ employee,
town but merely several rows of small, neat, gray painted which close the pipe line automatically on each side of the
cottages acting as a front for the plant. The name break in case of sudden upswing in flow from the pre­
“Exell” comes from the cow brand of the XL Ranch. determined rate of the line. The valves prevent a loss of
Just completed, between the new Exell plant and the the entire volume of helium in the lines, limiting the leak­
older helium plant at Amarillo, is a 2-inch-high pressure- age to the section between check valves.
transport pipe line. Through it will flow part of Exell’s Special precautions were taken to guard the Exell-
helium output, and ultimately it will be piped back into Amarillo line against floods of the Canadian River, which
the ground for conservation and future use, passing have broken many pipe lines lacking sufficient weight to
through pipe line connections to the near-by 60,000-acre keep them below the moving sand and water. The
government-owned Cliffside natural gas field. Canadian River, originating in the Rockies, is some 1500
Although the helium piped back into the ground must miles long, as much as a mile wide near Exell, and, except
be repurified later when it is withdrawn, the gas from the for an occasional deluge, is almost as dry as a bone.
cache will be much richer in helium content, the processing Instead of the conventional single crossing,-the helium
time will be reduced, and immediate supplies will be line was divided and two separate transmission lines were
available on short notice. placed across the river, one looped about 150 feet up­
In using the vast potential storage space, the helium stream from the actual crossing to allow settling as sand
will be injected under pressure into one of the eleven pro­ and gravel are washed from under the line. As a further
ducing wells of the Cliffside field. Helium is extracted ' safeguard, each of the lines was surrounded by a 4-inch pipe
from natural gas, but only a relatively small quantity of and the annular space filled with cement to add more weight.
the latter is subjected to processing. Limited storage Hoarding helium in the ground in a concentrated status,
facilities have made it necessary to allow large quantities as worked out by Bureau of Mines’ experts, is a valuable
of natural gas to go to market, still containing helium. war and postwar step. Despite continued demands for
The Exell plant is processing natural gas from fields other military use, Secretary Ickes expects more helium to be
than Cliffside. Cliffside has the richest helium content. available in 1945 for nonmilitary purposes. He tells us
In constructing the Exell-Amarillo line, several new that the Bureau’s five plants are producing at a rate of
features were embodied—among them, the relatively new more than twenty-five times that of prewar days. Bureau
method of pressure welding. In this machine process, of Mines’ experts at Amarillo and Exell, including C. W.
which does not require welding rods, the connecting ends Seibel, George Erlandson, and C. C. Anderson, are confi­
of the pipe are heated to welding temperature and forced dent that the “Boss” will not be out on a limb in his
together by hydraulic pressure to form a dense and uni­ promise of more helium for nonmilitary industries.
form weld. (Continued on page 8)
¿sUefopsietatiue ditj&U frw. cUettUiJA., che**Uccd etujine&ul, ancL
exeautiu&l i*i the. cliesyUccd psutclucincf, a*u£ alte*niccU ca*tA*u*U*Uf. ¿*vcLuiJ/U&i
5
6 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY Vol. si, HO. 4
E C I S I O N
That's one of the features you’ll find
m CHAPMAN STEEL VALVES
In spite of the production-line schedules nec­
essary to meet war-time needs, precision marks
every step in the production of Chapman
Steel Valves. Metals are developed and
produced in the Chapman foundries
under strict metallurgical control
and are selected to meet the
exact requirements for which
the valves are designed. Re­
peatedly checked during
manufacture against high pre­
cision standards, each Chapman
Steel Valve rolls off the line
ready for dependable service
under severest war-time conditions.
The C H A P M A N VALVE
Manufacturing Company
I N D I A N O R C H A R D , M A S S A C H U S E T T S
APni, 1945 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY 7
• •
1 CUTS STEAM COST
• A unique combination of automatic coal
conveying, distributing and stoker firing is
proving to be a fine investment in cutting
steam and labor costs and improving boiler
efficiency in a low pressure boiler installation.
Coal is conveyed from storage to a point
above the stoker hoppers by means of a
Link-Belt Bulk-Flo conveyor ... is distributed
to hopper spouts by a Link-Belt screw con­
veyor . . . and is automatically fired by Link-
Belt industrial type stokers.
Conveyor operation is semi-automatic. Limit
switches in the enclosed spouts shut off the
motors when the spout and hopper are filled.
Other switches in the stoker hopper may be
set to restart the system when the coal is
consumed to a low level, provided that the
gates are properly manipulated. The operator
is relieved of considerable routine attentive­
ness. Dust-tight operation assures cleanliness.
An additional feature is the use of hinged
spouts to permit access to the boilers for
cleaning.
We’ll be glad to make a study of your boiler
room coal handling problem and submit
recommendations.
Bulk-Flo combines in a single flexible unit the
functions of an elevator, conveyor and feeder,
to handle many flowable materials under all
conditions of loading. A simple, low-cost solu­
tion to many handling problems.
ilA fK - B E lT
C o o n m d A s h e s J ^
LINK-BELT COM PANY
Chicago 8, Indianapolis 6, Philadelphia
40, Atlanta, Dallas 1, Minneapolis 5,
San Francisco 24, Los Angeles 33,
Seattle 4, Toronto 8. Offices in principal
cities.
S Ä K » 'f e w ? *
Today
New Fluorine Refrigerants. The old Victorian idea that
man is by nature metaphysical and arrogant and, hence, un­
suited to the experimental method, is wholly refuted by the
success which has attended experiments in new refrigerants.
The late Thomas Midgley, Jr., and fellow workers were
not metaphysicians, and they were arrogant only in a firm
belief that chemistry could develop and supply refrigerants
with desirable characteristics for particular purposes
because of these peculiar properties.
Midgley and his assistants found what they were seeking in
a number of halogenated hydrocarbon compounds, for which
carbon tetrachloride and hydrofluoric acid were the basic
manufacturing materials, which were modified by replacing
some of the chlorine in the carbon tetrachloride with fluorine.
The fact that Midgley attributed success in this instance
to a stroke of good fortune in hitting upon the correct com­
binations the first time does not detract from this chemical
We cannot all be heroes achievement. Two of the new gases subsequently came into
wide use as household and industrial refrigerants—Freon 12,
or dichlorodifluoromethane (CC12F2), and Freon 11, or tri-
and win fame . . . chloromonofluoromethane (CC13F).
Others followed, with the result that there is available a
series of Freon compounds with widely varying boiling points
and other physical properties. Their outstanding characteris­
but it takes a steady worker like
RUBY, who dreams of gallant tics are nonflammability and freedom from toxicity. Dichloro­
ladies, as she graduates those difluoromethane, one of the refrigerants in largest use, is odor­
fine lines on a waxed tube, so it less in air at concentrations of less than 20%. The vapor is
will be accurate when used to nonirritating in all proportions to eyes, nose, throat, and lungs.
test manufacturing processes of The use of these gases for such purposes as air conditioning the
war materials. interior of submarines is obvious. That they will experience
even wider application as safe refrigerants in the home, for
And in your post war plans, just
quick freezing of foods, air conditioning, ‘and other large
remember, it will take the same
I»;
steady skill to produce GOOD refrigeration machinery installations, is equally clear.
thermometers that you will need Chemistry’s contribution in this field evidently is progress­
in your plant. ing beyond refrigeration. We have already witnessed the
universal use of Freon 12 as the propellant in aerosol insecti­
PALMER Thermometers will give
cide bombs. In this device the gas is quickly and harmlessly
you:
dissipated in the air, while the active ingredient, pyrethrum,
1. Precision and Guaran­ and the synergist, sesame oil, remain to kill or repel flies and
teed Accuracy mosquitoes. Wider development of the aerosol method is a
certainty for the future. Manufacturing costs for the con­
2. Sturdiness and Long
tainer bomb will be such as to enable it to compete with other
Service
insecticidal sprays. Pyrethrum may be utilized for its knock­
3. A bright RED column
down values and killing powers, Freon 12 as the propellant,
... so easy to see with
and Freon gas as the carrier.
“ Red - Reading-Mer­
cury.” Experiments have demonstrated the value of the same spray
technique in the use of hormone compounds to stimulate plant
Clip this ad as a reminder. growth. Hormones applied in this manner to tomato plants,
when the first blossoms appear, have increased yields as much
(Catalog on request) as 100% and provided larger fruit of seedless variety.
Still another possibility for Freon is seen in the fire extin­
guisher field. Extremely low temperatures retard the de-
T H E P A L M E R CO. oxygenating action of carbon tetrachloride in fighting fires.
Effectiveness of carbon tetrachloride is maintained at sub­
MFRS.: INDUSTRIAL, LABORATORY. RECORDING & DIAL THERMOMETERS freezing temperatures, however, when it is utilized in con­
junction with the halogenated hydrocarbons.
2512 NORWOOD ÄVE, CINCINNATI, NORWOOD, O.
It must not be assumed that Freon compounds will have
CANADIAN BRANCH: KING AND GEORGE STS.. TORONTO
an uncontested market in these (Continued on page 10)
"Pru, 1945
INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY 9
The first letter
of the
alphabet—
when it comes
GAS PROCESSES Most men who deal with the production and purifi­
cation of gaseous mixtures or liquid hydrocarbons,
when confronted with a new problem, think first of
"G"—for Girdler. First in the field with many new
developments, the Girdler organization has a repu­
tation for being first also in engineering, research
and development services. You will find it profitable
to follow the example of leading chemical manufac­
turers and refiners all over America whose practice
is to ''Get Girdler on the job."
#
Girdler offers processes for gas manufacture, purification,
separation and dehydration. Consult us on your problems concerning
hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, natural gas,
,
refinery gases, liquid hydrocarbons, hydrogen, nitrogen. Originators
of the Girbotol Process.
The GIRDLER CORPORATION
Gas Processes Division, Dept. IE-4 Louisville 1, Kentucky
I. & E. C.
Reports an the
Chemical World lecH M XH Aqsf
Today
new fields or even in refrigeration. On the other hand,
manufacturers of Freon will be greatly fortified at the end
of the war, with plant capacity for the Freons almost double
prewar totals, through extensions and new facilities.
Even more important is the fact that chemical research is
being continued in this field, and that a new refrigerant,
Freon 13, will be placed in postwar production to supple­
ment those previously marketed. Pilot-plant trials have
shown that it possesses great possibilities in low-temperature
refrigeration. However, development of compressors and
auxiliary equipment, study of the behavior of metals and
lubricating oil at low temperatures, and further developments
of insulating material must be completed before this new
refrigerant will find general use.
Coke and Coal-Tar Chemicals. The by-product coke
The stainless steel or alloy you select for your
and coal-tar chemical industries are not, generally speaking,
processing equipment is corrosion resistant. But
the recipients of much publicity these days; yet we must, if
between the mill and the finished vessel, during we pause to reflect, admit that coking operations come as
fabrication, the corrosion resistance and close to being the heart of America’s war effort as any other
phase of industrial activity.
strength inherent in the original alloy sheet may
By-product coking operations, with a record of 73,618,000
be seriously impaired. net tons in 1944, are up 23% over 1940. Many old ovens have
The length of time your equipment resists the been completely rebuilt in the past four years and new ovens
added at plants where more furnace coke was urgently
corrosive influences involved in your applica­
needed. In addition, eight new plants have been completed;
tion depends on your fabricator. He must know two are located in Texas and one in California, which raise to
the alloys—know their behavior during manu­ twenty-two the number of states producing by-product coke.
facture. He must have men who are trained to An amazing total of 528 new ovens (not including old ovens
completely rebuilt), with an annual coke capacity of 2,595,000
guard corrosion resistance to the greatest pos­
net tons, were built in 1944, raising the number of new ovens
sible degree whether in the welding, forming constructed since 1940 to 1988 with a yearly coke capacity of
or finishing of your vessel. 10,844,000 tons.
Obviously most of the increased demand for coke comes
Retaining corrosion resistance requires skill and
from the tremendous wartime expansion of the iron and steel
long experience. S. Blickman, Inc. has specialized
industry. Furnace requirements in 1944 took approximately
for years in fabricating processing equipment of 78% of the total. However, a substantial gain has been
stainless steel and other corrosion resistant alloys. made in the quantity of coke used in the manufacture of water
gas, used both as a fuel and as a starting point in chemical
We have established production techniques and
synthesis. The net increase in 1944 was 48% higher than
factory controls—checked by engineers and aided that in 1940. The feverish expansion in ammonia synthesis
by specialized machinery — to guard alloys in to increase our explosives output still further should make
this trend more pronounced in 1945.
fabrication. Before Selecting a fabricator for your
Production of crude coal tar, ammonia, and coke-oven gas
new processing equipment, consult with us.
in 1944 followed the general pattern of coke production and
reached levels never attained before; gains of 4, 5, and 5%,
S. Blickman, Inc., 1204 Gregory Avenue, Weehawken, New Jersey respectively, over 1943 were recorded. Although production
of the primary by-products has substantially increased since
1940, the average yield of some by-products per ton of coal
carbonized has declined because of increased oven tempera­
tures and shorter coking period. Crude tar and ammonia
production in 1943 fell short of the 1942 figures, although
more coal was treated in that year. Production figure on
crude light oil in 1944 has been withheld, but it is safe to
assume that it is considerably above the 250,511,095 gallons of
1943. Ammonia liquor (in NH3 content) recovery in 1944
was 63,329,677 pounds as compared with 56,938,798 in 1940.
{Continued on page 12)