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Scofield Study Bible (New King James Version) PDF

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N e w K i n g J a m e s V e r s i o n The Scofield ® Study Bible This page intentionally left blank N e w K i n g J a m e s V e r s i o n The Scofield ® Study Bible O X F O R D U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S N E W Y O R K OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi São Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto and an associated company in Berlin The Scofield® Study Bible, New King James Version. Copyright © 2002 by Oxford University Press, Inc. The Scofield Reference Bible. Copyright © 1909, 1917; copyright renewed 1937, 1945 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Maps and other new material copyright © 1984, 1998, 2002 by Oxford University Press, Inc. The name Scofield is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. The Holy Bible, New King James Version Copyright © 1982 by Thomas Nelson, Inc. The text of the New King James Version (NKJV) may be quoted or reprinted without prior written per- mission with the following qualifications: (1) up to and including 1,000 verses may be quoted in printed form as long as the verses quoted amount to less than 50% of a complete book of the Bible and make up less than 50% of the total work in which they are quoted; (2) all NKJV quotations must conform accurately to the NKJV text. Any use of the NKJV text must include a proper acknowledgment as follows: Scripture taken from the New King James Version. Copyright ©1982 by Thomas Nelson, Inc. Used by Permission. All rights reserved. However, when quotations from the NKJV text are used in church bulletins, orders of service, Sunday School lessons, church newsletters, and similar works in the course of religious instruction or services at a place of worship or other religious assembly, the following notice may be used at the end of each quotation: “NKJV.” For quotation requests not covered by the above guidelines, write to Thomas Nelson Publishers, Attn: Bible Rights and Permissions, P.O. Box 141000, Nashville, Tennessee 3714-1000. Interior design and typesetting by Blue Heron Bookcraft, Battle Ground, WA. Printed in Korea 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 CONTRIBUTORS EDITOR C. I. SCOFIELD, D.D. 1843–1921 CONSULTING EDITORS: 1909 AND 1917 EDITIONS JAMES BARRELLET JAMES M. GRAY ARTHUR T. PIERSON C. R. ERDMAN ELMORE HARRIS PROF. SAYCE WILLIAM J. ERDMAN W. G. MOOREHEAD WALTER SCOTT ARNO C. GAEBELEIN WILLIAM L. PETTINGILL HENRY G. WESTON PROF. MARGOLIOUTH EDITORIAL REVISION COMMITTEE 1967 E. SCHUYLER ENGLISH, Litt.D. CHAIRMAN FRANK E. GAEBELEIN, A.M., Litt.D. CLARENCE E. MASON, JR., Th.M., D.D. Headmaster Emeritus, The Stony Brook School Dean, Philadelphia College of Bible WILLIAM CULBERTSON, D.D., LL.D. ALVA J. MC CLAIN, Th.M., D.D. President, Moody Bible Institute President Emeritus, Grace Theological Seminary CHARLES L. FEINBERG, Th.D., Ph.D. WILBUR M. SMITH, D.D. Dean, Talbot Theological Seminary Editor, Peloubet’s Select Notes ALLAN A. MAC RAE, A.M., Ph.D. JOHN F. WALVOORD, A.M., Th.D. President, Biblical Theological Seminary President, Dallas Theological Seminary CONSULTING EDITOR, 1989 NEW KING JAMES EDITION ARTHUR L. FARSTAD, Th.D. Executive Editor, New King James Version CONTRIBUTING EDITOR, 2002 EDITION DORIS W. RIKKERS The Pentateuch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxii Genesis (Gen.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Dispensations of the Bible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 The First Dispensation: Innocence . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Covenants in the Bible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 The Edenic Covenant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 The Second Dispensation: Conscience . . . . . . . . . . .8 The Adamic Covenant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 The Third Dispensation: Human Government . . . . .17 The Noahic Covenant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 THE TABLE OF NATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 The Fourth Dispensation: Promise . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 The Abrahamic Covenant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 THE JOURNEYS OF ABRAHAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 THE JOURNEYS OF JACOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 JOSEPH AND HIS BROTHERS GO TO EGYPT . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Exodus (Ex.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 The Fifth Dispensation: the Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 The Mosaic Covenant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 THE TABERNACLE AND ITS FURNISHINGS . . . . . . . . . . . .127 Leviticus (Lev.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149 Numbers (Num.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194 JOURNEY FROM THE WILDERNESS TO CANAAN . . . . . . . . .247 CITIES OF REFUGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251 Deuteronomy (Deut.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253 The Palestinian Covenant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 The Historical Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 Joshua (Josh.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303 THE CONQUEST OF SOUTHERN CANAAN . . . . . . . . . . . . .313 THE CONQUEST OF NORTHERN CANAAN . . . . . . . . . . . .321 DIVISION OF THE LAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326 Judges (Judg.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338 BATTLES OF GIDEON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350 THE TWELVE JUDGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356 FIVE CITIES OF THE PHILISTINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362 Ruth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375 THE BOOK OF RUTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376 1 Samuel (1 Sam.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381 THE CITIES OF SAMUEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391 DAVID’S TRAVELS IN THE SERVICE OF SAUL . . . . . . . . . . .406 2 Samuel (2 Sam.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425 JERUSALEM OF DAVID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432 The Davidic Covenant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436 Dispensations and Covenants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437 DAVID’S CONQUESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438 1 Kings (1 Kin.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .464 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .463 JERUSALEM OF SOLOMON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469 THE DIVIDED KINGDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .485 PLACES IN THE MINISTRY OF ELIJAH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499 PLACES IN THE LIFE OF ELISHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .501 2 Kings (2 Kin.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .509 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .508 THE CAMPAIGN OF TIGLATH-PILESER III . . . . . . . . . . . . .533 THE CAMPAIGN OF SHALMANESER V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .534 THE CAMPAIGN OF SENNACHERIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539 NEBUCHADNEZZAR’S CAMPAIGNS AGAINST JUDAH . . . . . .551 1 Chronicles (1 Chr.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .554 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553 MOVEMENTS EARLY IN THE LIFE OF DAVID . . . . . . . . . . .571 2 Chronicles (2 Chr.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .597 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .596 FLOOR PLAN OF SOLOMON’S TEMPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . .600 SOLOMON’S KINGDOM AND INFLUENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . .608 EXILE OF NORTHERN KINGDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .639 EXILE OF SOUTHERN KINGDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .647 Ezra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .649 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .648 THE RETURN FROM EXILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .651 Nehemiah (Neh.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .665 JERUSALEM OF THE RETURNING EXILES . . . . . . . . . . . . .669 Esther (Esth.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .688 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .687 THE PERSIAN EMPIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .689 The Poetical and Wisdom Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .699 Job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .701 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .700 CONTENTS Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix Preface to the New King James Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi How to Use this Study Bible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xv The Overall Plan of the Bible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvii THE OLD TESTAMENT The Four Gospels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1295 Matthew (Matt.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1300 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1299 THE JOURNEYS OF JESUS’ BIRTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1302 JESUS’ BAPTISM AND TEMPTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1305 Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1361 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1360 JESUS’ MINISTRY BEYOND GALILEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1369 THE TERRITORIES OF TYRE AND SIDON . . . . . . . . . . . . .1375 Luke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1396 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1395 THE HOLY LAND UNDER HEROD THE GREAT . . . . . . . . .1400 JERUSALEM DURING THE MINISTRY OF JESUS . . . . . . . . .1437 John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1450 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1449 JESUS IN JUDEA AND SAMARIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1456 JESUS IN GALILEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1460 Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1492 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1491 The Sixth Dispensation: the Church . . . . . . . . . .1494 COUNTRIES OF THE PEOPLE MENTIONED AT PENTECOST .1496 PHILIP’S AND PETER’S MISSIONARY JOURNEYS . . . . . . . .1508 PAUL’S FIRST MISSIONARY JOURNEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1517 PAUL’S SECOND MISSIONARY JOURNEY . . . . . . . . . . . . .1523 PAUL’S THIRD MISSIONARY JOURNEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1530 PAUL’S JOURNEY TO ROME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1542 The Epistles of Paul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1547 Romans (Rom.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1550 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1549 ROME IN THE TIME OF PAUL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1551 1 Corinthians (1 Cor.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1575 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1574 CORINTH IN THE TIME OF PAUL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1577 CONTENTS vii THE NEW TESTAMENT Psalms (Ps.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .743 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .742 PLACES NAMED IN THE PSALMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .799 The Davidic Covenant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .806 Proverbs (Prov.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .850 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .849 Ecclesiastes (Eccl.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .887 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .886 Song of Solomon (Song) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .900 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .899 The Prophetic Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .908 Isaiah (Is.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .911 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .910 THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .957 Jeremiah (Jer.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1001 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1000 JEREMIAH’S JOURNEY TO EGYPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1065 Lamentations (Lam.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1086 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1085 Ezekiel (Ezek.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1095 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1094 EZEKIEL’S VISION OF THE LAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1163 Daniel (Dan.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1166 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1165 THE NEO-BABYLONIAN EMPIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1168 ALEXANDER’S EMPIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1183 THE PTOLEMAIC AND SELEUCID KINGDOMS . . . . . . . . .1190 Hosea (Hos.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1195 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1194 JERUSALEM DURING THE TIME OF THE PROPHETS . . . . . .1200 Joel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1209 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1208 Amos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1216 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1215 GOD’S JUDGMENT IN AMOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1217 Obadiah (Obad.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1228 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1227 Jonah (Jon.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1231 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1230 THE BOOK OF JONAH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1233 Micah (Mic.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1236 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1235 GEOGRAPHICAL PUNS IN MICAH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1236 Nahum (Nah.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1246 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1245 Habakkuk (Hab.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1251 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1250 Zephaniah (Zeph.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1257 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1256 Haggai (Hag.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1263 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1262 Zechariah (Zech.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1267 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1266 Malachi (Mal.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1285 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1284 From Malachi to Matthew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1291 ISRAEL UNDER THE MACCABEES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1291 2 Corinthians (2 Cor.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1597 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1596 Galatians (Gal.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1610 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1609 Ephesians (Eph.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1619 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1618 EPHESUS IN THE TIME OF PAUL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1622 Philippians (Phil.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1628 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1627 Colossians (Col.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1634 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1633 1 Thessalonians (1 Thess.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1640 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1639 2 Thessalonians (2 Thess.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1645 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1644 1 Timothy (1 Tim.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1649 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1648 2 Timothy (2 Tim.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1655 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1654 Titus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1660 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1659 Philemon (Philem.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1664 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1663 Hebrews (Heb.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1666 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1665 The New Covenant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1673 The Eight Covenants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1674 The General Epistles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1684 James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1686 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1685 1 Peter (1 Pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1692 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1691 2 Peter (2 Pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1699 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1698 1 John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1704 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1703 2 John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1711 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1710 3 John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1713 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1712 Jude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1715 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1714 Revelation (Rev.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1719 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1717 THE SEVEN CHURCHES OF THE REVELATION . . . . . . . . .1721 The Seventh Dispensation: The Kingdom . . . . . .1743 viii CONTENTS Aram. Aramaic c. (L. circa) about ch(s) chapter(s) contra. contrast cp. compare e.g. (L. exempli gratia) for example f. single verse following Scripture reference ff. two or more verses following Scripture reference Gk. Greek Heb. Hebrew i.e. (L. id est) that is KJV King James Version L. Latin lit. literally LXX Septuagint, an early Greek translation of the Old Testament marg. margin ms(s). manuscript(s) M-Text the Majority Text of the Greek New Testament NKJV New King James Version NT New Testament NU-Text Nextle-Aland/United Bible Societies text of the Greek New Testament OT Old Testament ref(s). reference(s) Syr. Syriac transl. translated v. verse vv. verses Vul. Vulgate, a Latin translation of the Scriptures Monies, Weights and Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1751 Complete Index to Subject Chain References . . . . . . .1753 Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1760 Index to Proper Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1798 Concise NKJV Concordance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1828 Index to Color Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1974 MISCELLANEOUS ABBREVIATIONS INTRODUCTION History of the Scofield Bible The Scofield Study Bible, New King James Version, is the latest edition of a trusted publication first issued in 1909. Its study system, familiar to millions of Christians around the world, is the masterpiece of evan- gelist and Bible conference leader Cyrus I. Scofield (1843–1921). He saw the need for a Bible with helps that would display the great orthodox teachings that had been emphasized during the period of doctrinal awakening in which he lived—and to present those teachings in a form that could be easily grasped by the average reader. Scofield resigned his pastoral ministry in 1903, assembled a team of scholars, traveled to Europe for research, and spent countless hours perfecting his notes, chain references and other study aids. The Scofield Reference Bible was an outstanding success, and it was followed by an improved edition in 1917. After many printings, an extensive revision was begun in 1954 by a new generation of scholars headed by E. Schuyler English, all of whom were in firm sympathy with Scofield’s approach. That became the New Scofield Reference Bible, first published in 1967. It is the basis for the current adaptation. Determined to maintain the spirit of Dr. Scofield’s original work, the consultants and editors have la- bored faithfully to keep this study Bible an adaptation, not a revision, of the latest Scofield Bible. They wish to assure the reader that this adaptation follows the same doctrines of faith as those believed in by Dr. Scofield and by the 1967 revision committee: … the plenary inspiration and inerrancy of the Scriptures; the triune Godhead composed of the Fa- ther, the Son, and the Holy Spirit; the virgin birth and Deity of Christ; the necessity and efficacy of His atoning work; Christ’s bodily resurrection and ascension; His imminent coming for His Church and His visible, premillennial return to the earth; the everlasting felicity of the redeemed; and the everlasting punishment of the lost. Philosophy of the Scofield Bible From the very first edition, the Scofield Bible has been concerned with helping the student of the Bible to see the Scriptures as a unified whole. The Scofield Study Bible affirms historic doctrines, such as the deity of Jesus Christ, the existence of the miraculous, and salvation by grace through faith. However, it also reflects a view of God’s activity in human history as it is revealed in the Scriptures themselves. Cen- tral to this understanding of the Bible in its entirety is the belief that God is dealing with humanity in a progressive way. The relationships God establishes with people are founded on and are unfolded through covenants, which connect human life with divine redemption. Much of the study material in this edition is concerned with analyzing these covenants and their relation to each other and to the work of Christ. In addition, the Scofield Bible distinguishes dispensations, which further exhibit the progressive na- ture of God’s dealings with humanity. They are associated with periods of time when people have been responsible for specific and varying tests of their obedience of God, from the beginning of human histo- ry to its end. Although not all Bible students agree on every detail of the dispensational system present- ed in this study Bible, it is generally recognized that the distinction between law and grace is basic to an understanding of the Scriptures. Recognition of the dispensations is of utmost value in comprehending the divine program of the ages as long as it is clearly understood that (1) throughout all the Scriptures there is only one basis of salvation, that is, by grace through faith; (2) strict limits cannot be placed on the terminations of all the dispensations because there is some overlapping; and (3) the divinely given stewardship may continue after the time of special testing has ended. Integral to this view of Scripture is the premillennial return of our Lord and the features of biblical proph- ecy connected with this event. The 2002 Edition At the dawning of a new century and the impending one-hundredth anniversary of the ever popular Scofield Bible, Oxford University Press, the original publisher, decided to refresh the design of the Scofield Bible; enhancing its readability and usefulness to the reader. In this undertaking the editors chose to feature the study notes that are unique to the Scofield. All notes on the dispensations, the cov- enants and the summary notes of each topic chain now prominently appear on the page, drawing the reader’s attention to Scofield’s most important contributions. Additional notes of an objective nature, ex- panded book outlines in each introduction, and in-text maps provide information to enhance the under- standing of Scripture. In their attempt to increase the readability of the text, the editors referenced study notes with bold faced chapter and verse, plus a word or phrase entry at the bottom of the page. When the note is con- cerning a specific part of a verse, a word or phrase is given; when the note pertains to the entire verse no particular word or phrase is noted. Alternate translations, literal and Hebrew meanings of words and any additional information (other than Biblical references) are now located with the study notes. Anoth- er new feature is the addition of brief, in-text definitions of proper names of people and places. This pro- vides helpful reminders to the reader to help recall the most prominent historical people and places. An extensive index with pronunciation guides is included at the back of this volume. Oxford University Press is grateful to Thomas Nelson and its staff for the use of the New King James Version and for their assistance in the preparation of this Bible. May this completed work enhance the efforts of those who serve the loving and holy God and exalt His marvelous grace in Jesus Christ. The Editors May 2002 x INTRODUCTION TO THE 2002 EDITION PREFACE TO THE NEW KING JAMES VERSION Purpose In the preface to the 1611 edition, the translators of the Authorized Version, known popularly as the King James Bible, state that it was not their purpose “to make a new translation . . . but to make a good one better.” Indebted to the earlier work of William Tyndale and others, they saw their best contribution to consist in revising and enhancing the excellence of the English versions which had sprung from the Reformation of the sixteenth century. In harmony with the purpose of the King James scholars, the translators and editors of the present work have not pursued a goal of innovation. They have perceived the Holy Bible, New King James Ver- sion, as a continuation of the labors of the earlier translators, thus unlocking for today’s readers the spiritual treasures found especially in the Authorized Version of the Holy Scriptures. A Living Legacy For nearly four hundred years, and throughout several revisions of its English form, the King James Bible has been deeply revered among the English-speaking peoples of the world. The precision of translation for which it is historically renowned, and its majesty of style, have enabled that monumental version of the word of God to become the mainspring of the religion, language, and legal foundations of our civilization. Although the Elizabethan period and our own era share in zeal for technical advance, the former period was more aggressively devoted to classical learning. Along with this awakened concern for the classics came a flourishing companion interest in the Scriptures, an interest that was enlivened by the conviction that the manuscripts were providentially handed down and were a trustworthy record of the inspired Word of God. The King James translators were committed to producing an English Bible that would be a precise translation, and by no means a paraphrase or a broadly approximate rendering. On the one hand, the scholars were almost as familiar with the original languages of the Bible as with their native English. On the other hand, their rev- erence for the divine Author and His Word assured a translation of the Scriptures in which only a principle of utmost accuracy could be accepted. In 1786 Catholic scholar Alexander Geddes said of the King James Bible, “If accuracy and strictest attention to the letter of the text be supposed to constitute an excellent version, this is of all versions the most excel- lent.” George Bernard Shaw became a literary legend in our century because of his severe and often humor- ous criticisms of our most cherished values. Surprisingly, however, Shaw pays the following tribute to the scholars commissioned by King James: “The translation was extraordinarily well done because to the transla- tors what they were translating was not merely a curious collection of ancient books written by different au- thors in different stages of culture, but the Word of God divinely revealed through His chosen and expressly inspired scribes. In this conviction they carried out their work with boundless reverence and care and achieved a beautifully artistic result.” History agrees with these estimates. Therefore, while seeking to unveil the excellent form of the traditional English Bible, special care has also been taken in the present edition to preserve the work of precision which is the legacy of the 1611 translators. Complete Equivalence in Translation Where new translation has been necessary in the New King James Version, the most complete representation of the original has been rendered by considering the history of usage and etymology of words in their contexts. This principle of complete equivalence seeks to preserve all of the information in the text, while presenting it in good literary form. Dynamic equivalence, a recent procedure in Bible translation, commonly results in para- phrasing where a more literal rendering is needed to reflect a specific and vital sense. For example, complete equivalence truly renders the original text in expressions such as “lifted her voice and wept” (Gen. 21:16); “I gave you cleanness of teeth” (Amos 4:6); “Jesus met them, saying, ‘Rejoice!’” (Matt. 28:9); and “‘Woman, what does your concern have to do with Me?’” (John 2:4). Complete equivalence translates fully, in order to provide an English text that is both accurate and readable. In keeping with the principle of complete equivalence, it is the policy to translate interjections which are commonly omitted in modern language renderings of the Bible. As an example, the interjection behold, in the older King James editions, continues to have a place in English usage, especially in dramatically calling atten- tion to a spectacular scene, or an event of profound importance such as the Immanuel prophecy of Isaiah 7:14. Consequently, behold is retained for these occasions in the present edition. However, the Hebrew and Greek originals for this word can be translated variously, depending on the circumstances in the passage. Therefore, in addition to behold, words such as indeed, look, see, and surely are also rendered to convey the appropriate sense suggested by the context in each case. In faithfulness to God and to our readers, it was deemed appropriate that all participating scholars sign a statement affirming their belief in the verbal and plenary inspiration of Scripture, and in the inerrancy of the original autographs. Devotional Quality The King James scholars readily appreciated the intrinsic beauty of divine revelation. They accordingly disci- plined their talents to render well-chosen English words of their time, as well as a graceful, often musical arrangement of language, which has stirred the hearts of Bible readers through the years. The translators, the committees, and the editors of the present edition, while sensitive to the late-twentieth-century English idiom, and while adhering faithfully to the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek texts, have sought to maintain those lyrical and devotional qualities that are so highly regarded in the Authorized Version. This devotional quality is es- pecially apparent in the poetic and prophetic books, although even the relatively plain style of the Gospels and Epistles cannot strictly be likened, as sometimes suggested, to modern newspaper style. The Koine Greek of the New Testament is influenced by the Hebrew background of the writers, for whom even the gospel narra- tives were not merely flat utterance, but often song in various degrees of rhythm. The Style Students of the Bible applaud the timeless devotional character of our historic Bible. Yet it is also universally understood that our language, like all living languages, has undergone profound change since 1611. Subse- quent revisions of the King James Bible have sought to keep abreast of changes in English speech. The present work is a further step toward this objective. Where obsolescence and other reading difficulties exist, present-day vocabulary, punctuation, and grammar have been carefully integrated. Words representing ancient objects, such as chariot and phylactery, have no modern substitutes and are therefore retained. A special feature of the New King James Version is its conformity to the thought flow of the 1611 Bible. The reader discovers that the sequence and selection of words, phrases, and clauses of the new edition, while much clearer, are so close to the traditional that there is remarkable ease in listening to the reading of either edition while following with the other. In the discipline of translating biblical and other ancient languages, a standard method of transliteration, that is, the English spelling of untranslated words, such as names of persons and places, has never been common- ly adopted. In keeping with the design of the present work, the King James spelling of untranslated words is retained, although made uniform throughout. For example, instead of the spellings Isaiah and Elijah in the Old Testament, and Esaias and Elias in the New Testament, Isaiah and Elijah now appear in both Testaments. King James doctrinal and theological terms, for example, propitiation, justification, and sanctification, are generally familiar to English-speaking peoples. Such terms have been retained except where the original lan- guage indicates need for a more precise translation. Readers of the Authorized Version will immediately be struck by the absence of several pronouns: thee, thou, and ye are replaced by the simple you, while your and yours are substituted for thy and thine as applic- able. Thee, thou, thy, and thine were once forms of address to express a special relationship to human as well as divine persons. These pronouns are no longer part of our language. However, reverence for God in the pres- ent work is preserved by capitalizing pronouns, including You, Your, and Yours, which refer to Him. Addi- tionally, capitalization of these pronouns benefits the reader by clearly distinguishing divine and human per- sons referred to in a passage. Without such capitalization the distinction is often obscure, because the antecedent of a pronoun is not always clear in the English translation. In addition to the pronoun usages of the seventeenth century, the -eth and -est verb endings, so familiar in the earlier King James editions, are now obsolete. Unless a speaker is schooled in these verb endings, there is common difficulty in selecting the correct form to be used with a given subject of the verb in vocal prayer. That is, should we use love, loveth, or lovest? do, doeth, doest, or dost? have, hath, or hast? Because these forms are obsolete, contemporary English usage has been substituted for the previous verb endings. In older editions of the King James Version, the frequency of the connective and far exceeded the limits of present English usage. Also, biblical linguists agree that the Hebrew and Greek original words for this con- junction may commonly be translated otherwise, depending on the immediate context. Therefore, instead of and, alternatives such as also, but, however, now, so, then, and thus are accordingly rendered in the present edition, when the original language permits. The real character of the Authorized Version does not reside in its archaic pronouns or verbs or other gram- matical forms of the seventeenth century, but rather in the care taken by its scholars to impart the letter and spirit of the original text in a majestic and reverent style. The Format The format of the New King James Version is designed to enhance the vividness and devotional quality of the Holy Scriptures: • Subject headings assist the reader to identify topics and transitions in the biblical content. xii PREFACE TO THE NKJV • Words or phrases in italics indicate expressions in the original language which require clarification by additional English words, as also done throughout the history of the King James Bible. • Verse numbers in bold type indicate the beginning of a paragraph. • Oblique type in the New Testament indicates a quotation from the Old Testament. • Poetry is structured as contemporary verse to reflect the poetic form and beauty of the passage in the original language. • The covenant name of God was usually translated from the Hebrew as “LORD” or “GOD” (using capital letters as shown) in the King James Old Testament. This tradition is maintained. In the present edition the name is so capitalized whenever the covenant name is quoted in the New Testament from a passage in the Old Testament. • Significant explanatory notes, alternate translations, and cross-references, as well as New Testament ci- tations of Old Testament passages, are supplied in footnotes. The Old Testament Text The Hebrew Bible has come down to us through the scrupulous care of ancient scribes who copied the origi- nal text in successive generations. By the sixth century A.D. the scribes were succeeded by a group known as the Masoretes, who continued to preserve the sacred Scriptures for another five hundred years in a form known as the Masoretic Text. Babylonia, Palestine, and Tiberias were the main centers of Masoretic activity; but by the tenth century A.D. the Masoretes of Tiberias, led by the family of ben Asher, gained the ascendan- cy. Through subsequent editions, the ben Asher text became in the twelfth century the only recognized form of the Hebrew Scriptures. Daniel Bomberg printed the first Rabbinic Bible in 1516–17; that work was followed in 1524–25 by a sec- ond edition prepared by Jacob ben Chayyim and also published by Bomberg. The text of ben Chayyim was adopted in most subsequent Hebrew Bibles, including those used by the King James translators. The ben Chayyim text was also used for the first two editions of Rudolph Kittel’s Biblia Hebraica of 1906 and 1912. In 1937 Paul Kähle published a third edition of Biblia Hebraica. This edition was based on the oldest dated man- uscript of the ben Asher text, the Leningrad Manuscript B19a (A.D. 1008), which Kähle regarded as superior to that used by ben Chayyim. For the New King James Version the text used was the 1967/1977 Stuttgart edition of the Biblia Hebraica, with frequent comparisons being made with the Bomberg edition of 1524–25. The Septuagint (Greek) Version of the Old Testament and the Latin Vulgate also were consulted. In addition to referring to a variety of ancient versions of the Hebrew Scriptures, the New King James Version draws on the resources of relevant manu- scripts from the Dead Sea caves. In the few places where the Hebrew was so obscure that the 1611 King James was compelled to follow one of the versions, but where information is now available to resolve the prob- lems, the New King James Version follows the Hebrew text. Significant variations are recoded in the foot- notes. The New Testament Text There is more manuscript support for the New Testament than for any other body of ancient literature. Over five thousand Greek, eight thousand Latin, and many more manuscripts in other languages attest the integri- ty of the New Testament. There is only one basic New Testament used by Protestants, Roman Catholics, and Orthodox, by conservatives and liberals. Minor variations in hand copying have appeared through the cen- turies, before mechanical printing began about A.D. 1450. Some variations exist in the spelling of Greek words, in word order, and in similar details. These ordinarily do not show up in translation and do not affect the sense of the text in any way. Other manuscript differences such as omission or inclusion of a word or a clause, and two paragraphs in the Gospels, should not overshadow the overwhelming degree of agreement which exists among the ancient records. Bible readers may be assured that the most important differences in English New Testaments of today are due, not to manuscript divergence, but to the way in which translators view the task of translation: How literally should the text be rendered? How does the translator view the matter of biblical inspiration? Does the translator adopt a paraphrase when a literal rendering would be quite clear and more to the point? The New King James Version follows the historic precedent of the Authorized Version in maintaining a literal approach to translation, except where the idiom of the original language cannot be translated directly into our tongue. The King James New Testament was based on the traditional text of the Greek-speaking churches, first pub- lished in 1516, and later called the Textus Receptus or Received Text. Although based on the relatively few available manuscripts, these were representative of many more which existed at the time but only became known later. In the late nineteenth century, B. Westcott and F. Hort taught that this text had been officially edited by the fourth-century church, but a total lack of historical evidence for this event has forced a revision of the theory. It is now widely held that the Byzantine Text that largely supports the Textus Receptus has as PREFACE TO THE NKJV xiii much right as the Alexandrian or any other tradition to be weighed in determining the text of the New Tes- tament. Those readings in the Textus Receptus which have weak support are indicated in the footnotes as be- ing opposed by both Critical and Majority Texts. Since the 1880s most contemporary translations of the New Testament have relied upon a relatively few manuscripts discovered chiefly in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Such translations depend primarily on two manuscripts, Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus, because of their greater age. The Greek text obtained by using these sources and the related papyri (our most ancient manuscripts) is known as the Alexandrian Text. However, some scholars have grounds for doubting the faithfulness of Vaticanus and Sinaiti- cus, since they often disagree with one another, and Sinaiticus exhibits excessive omission. A third viewpoint of New Testament scholarship holds that the best text is based on the consensus of the majority of existing Greek manuscripts. This text is called the Majority Text. Most of these manuscripts are in substantial agreement. Even though many are late, and none is earlier than the fifth century, usually their readings are verified by papyri, ancient versions, quotations from the early church fathers, or a combination of these. The Majority Text is similar to the Textus Receptus, but it corrects those readings which have little or no support in the Greek manuscript tradition. Today, scholars agree that the science of New Testament textual criticism is in a state of flux. Very few scholars still favor the Textus Receptus as such, and then often for its historical prestige as the text of Luther, Calvin, Tyndale, and the King James Version. For about a century most have followed a Critical Text (so called because it is edited according to specific principles of textual criticism) which depends heavily upon the Alexandrian type of text. More recently many have abandoned this Critical Text (which is quite similar to the one edited by Westcott and Hort) for one that is more eclectic. Finally, a small but growing number of schol- ars prefer the Majority Text, which is close to the traditional text except in the Revelation. In light of these facts, and also because the New King James Version is the fifth revision of a historic docu- ment translated from specific Greek texts, the editors decided to retain the traditional text in the body of the New Testament and to indicate major Critical and Majority Text variant readings in the footnotes. Although these variations are duly indicated in the footnotes of the present edition, it is most important to emphasize that fully eighty-five percent of the New Testament text is the same in the Textus Receptus, the Alexandrian Text, and the Majority Text. Footnotes Significant explanatory notes, alternate translations, and cross-references, as well as New Testament citations of Old Testament passages, are supplied in the footnotes to the text. Important textual variants in the Old Testament are identified in a standard form. The textual notes in the present edition of the New Testament make no evaluation of readings, but do clear- ly indicate the manuscript sources of readings. They objectively present facts without such tendentious re- marks as “the best manuscripts omit” or “the most reliable manuscripts read.” Such notes are value judgments that differ according to varying viewpoints on the text. By giving a clearly defined set of variants the New King James Version benefits readers of all textual persuasions. Where significant variations occur in the New Testament Greek manuscripts, textual notes are classified as follows: 1. NU-Text These variations from the traditional text generally represent the Alexandrian or Egyptian type of text described previously in “The New Testament Text.” They are found in the Critical Text published in the twenty-seventh edition of the Nestle-Aland Greek New Testament (N) and in the United Bible So- cieties’ fourth edition (U), hence the acronym, “NU-Text.” 2. M-Text This symbol indicates points of variation in the Majority Text from the traditional text, as also previ- ously discussed in “The New Testament Text.” It should be noted that M stands for whatever read- ing is printed in the published Greek New Testament According to the Majority Text, whether sup- ported by overwhelming, strong, or only a divided majority textual tradition. The textual notes reflect the scholarship of the past 150 years and will assist the reader to observe the vari- ations between the different manuscript traditions of the New Testament. Such information is generally not available in English translations of the New Testament. xiv PREFACE TO THE NKJV

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