Scientific works by William Gilbert, Galileo Galilei, William Harvey

512 Pages·1952·79.04 MB·English

by  William Gilbert, Galileo Galilei, William Harvey

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On
the Loadstone and Magnetic Bodies
BY WILLIAM GILBERT
Two New
Concerning the Sciences
BY GALILEO GALILEI
On
the Motion ofthe Heart and Blood
On
in Animals. the Circulation ofthe
On
Blood. the Generation ofAnimals
BY WILLIAM HARVEY
William Benton, Publisher
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, INC
CHICAGO LONDON TORONTO
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On the Loadstone and Magnetic Bodies, translated by P. Fleury Mottelay,
is reprinted by arrangement with John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Dialogues Concerningthe Two New Sciences, translated by Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio,
is reprinted by arrangement with Northwestern University Studies
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
The Great Books
ispublished with the editorial advice of thefaculties
of The University of Chicago
Copyright in the united states of America, 1952,
BY excyclop/edia britannica, inc.
Copyright 1952. Copyright under international copyright union by
encyclopaedia britannica, inc. All rights reserved under pan American
copyright conventions by encyclop/edia britannica, inc.
GENERAL CONTENTS
MIIMMM>MMIlH>t«<»
On the Loadstone and Magnetic Bodies and on
the Great Magnet the Earth, Page i
By William Gilbert
Translated by P. Fleury Mottelay
I«>>tn«»tt
Dialogues Concerning the Two New Sciences, Page 12.9
By Galileo Galilei
Translated by Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio
» H«»««K
An Anatomical Disquisition on the Motion of
the Heart and Blood in Animals, Page 2.67
The First Anatomical Disquisition on
the Circulation of the Blood,
Addressed to John Riolan, Page 305
A
Second Disquisition to John Riolan, in which
Many Objections to the Circulation
of the Blood Are Refuted, Page 313
Anatomical Exercises on the Generation
of Animals, Page 3x9
By William Harvey
Translated by Robert Willis
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
William Gilbert, 1540-1603
GilbertwasbornMay 24, 1540, at Colchester sailors "to find out thelatitude without seeing
inEssex.HecamefromanancientSuffolkfam- ofsun, moon, or stars." But the main basis of
ilyandwastheeldestofthefivesonsofHierome his reputation as a scientist was the publica-
Gilbert, recorderatColchester. Aftercomplet- tionin 1600,aftereighteenyearsofreading,ex-
ing his preliminary education at the town periment, and reflection, of his book on the
school, Gilbert in 1558 entered St. John's Col- magnet, De Magnete Magneticisque Corporibus
lege, Cambridge, where he studied for eleven etde Magno Magnete Tellure Physiologia Nova.
years. He took his bachelor's degree in 1560, It was the first important work in physical
was elected fellow the following year, and pro- science tobe published in England, and almost
ceeded toworkforhisM.A., whichhe received immediately after its publication Gilbert was
in 1564. Itwasabout this time that his interest famousthroughoutEurope.Keplerpaid tribute
in science apparently began to attract notice; to its influence upon his own physical specula-
he was appointed mathematical examiner in tions. Galileofirst turned hisattention to mag-
1565 and then turned to thestudyofmedicine, netism after reading Gilbert and said of him
in which he received his doctorate four years thathewas"great toadegree thatisenviable."
later, when he was also elected senior fellowat Bacon, though he spoke disparagingly of Gil-
St. John's College. bert's attempt "to raise a general systemupon
Shortly after receiving his degree, Gilbert the magnet," praised him as an experimental
leftCambridge and apparently made extensive philosopher and seems to have taken whole
travels on the continent, particularly in Italy. paragraphs ofGilbert's work as his own.
It is probable that he received the degree of At his London house, where he possessed a
Doctor of Physic from a continental univer- large collection of books, globes, instruments,
sity,andhepresumablythenmadetheacquaint- and minerals, Gilbert gathered abouthim men
ance ofsomeofthe|learned menwith whomhe who were interested in discussing scientific
waslaterincorrespondence. Afterhis return to problems. The group, which held regular
England he settled in London in 1573, where monthly meetings and constituted a kind of
he practised as a physician with "great success society, is now looked upon as a precursor of
andapplause."Admitted totheCollegeofPhy- the Royal Society. Gilbert presumably took a
sicians about 1576, Gilbert held the office of leading part in these discussions, and he is
censor from 1581 to 1590; he was treasurer known to have continued his scientific investi-
from 1587 to 1592andagainfrom 1597 to 1599, gations,buthisonlyotherbook,a treatisedeal-
whenhesucceeded tothepresidencyofthecol- ing with meteorological subjects, De Mundo
lege. Heserved on the committeeappointed to Nostro Sublunari Philosophia Nova, was edited
superintend the preparation of the Pharmaco- after his death by his brother.
poeiaLondinensis,whichwasundertakenbythe In 1601 Gilbert was appointed physician to
collegein 1589althoughitdid notappearuntil Queen Elizabeth, and it appears that he then
1618. moved to the court. Upon the death of the
During these years that Gilbert was making Queen,itwasdiscovered thatheronlypersonal
a reputationasa physician, he wasalso becom- legacy was made to Gilbert for the prosecu-
ing known as a savant in chemistry, physics, tion of his studies. He was immediately reap-
and cosmology. He appears to have studied pointed royal physician by James I, but died
these sciences from his youth. He was perhaps shortly afterward, probably of the plague,
the first advocate ofCopernican views in Eng- onNovember30, 1603, and was buried in the
land, and he held that the fixed stars were not chancel of HolyTrinity churchin Colchester.
all at the same distance from the earth. His He bequeathed his scientific library and in-
study of navigation is said to have resulted in struments to the College of Physicians, but
the invention of two instruments enabling theyweredestroyedinthegreatfireofLondon.
X BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
He left his portrait,which issaid tohave been hand a globe on which is written the word
painted for that purpose, to Oxford Univer- terrella; as its inscription the painting has
sity. In It he is represented as standing, Gilbert,thefirst investigator ofthepowers ofthe
wearing his doctor's robes and holding in his magnet.