Scientific Farm Animal Production: Pearson New International Edition

654 Pages·2013·101.595 MB·English

by  Robert W. Taylor, Thomas G. Field

Pearson New International Edition

Scientific Farm Animal Production
Robert E. Taylor Tom G. Field
Tenth Edition
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ISBN 10: 1-292-04226-5
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-04226-8
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ISBN 10: 1-292-04226-5
ISBN 10: 1-269-37450-8
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-04226-8
ISBN 13: 978-1-269-37450-7
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P E A R S O N C U S T O M L I B R AR Y
Table of Contents
Glossary
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 1
1. Animal Contributions to Human Needs
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 21
2. An Overview of the Livestock and Poultry Industries
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 37
3. Red Meat Products
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 71
4. Poultry and Egg Products
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 93
5. Milk and Milk Products
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 107
6. Wool and Mohair
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 125
7. By-Products of Meat Animals
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 141
8. Market Classes and Grades of Livestock, Poultry, and Eggs
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 153
9. Visual Evaluation of Market Animals
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 171
10. Reproduction
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 185
11. Artificial Insemination, Estrous Synchronization, and Embryo Transfer
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 209
12. Genetics
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 225
I
222233333334444455467902456892457913759595559591375351
13. Genetic Change Through Selection
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 247
14. Mating Systems
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 265
15. Nutrients and Their Functions
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 279
16. Digestion and Absorption of Feed
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 295
17. Providing Nutrients for Body Functions
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 309
18. Growth Development
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 325
19. Lactation
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 345
20. Adaptation to the Environment
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 355
21. Animal Health
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 369
22. Animal Behavior
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 385
23. Beef Cattle Breeds and Breeding
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 399
24. Feeding and Managing Beef Cattle
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 421
25. Dairy Cattle Breeds and Breeding
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 443
26. Feeding and Managing Dairy Cattle
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 457
27. Swine Breeds and Breeding
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 475
28. Feeding and Managing Swine
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 493
29. Sheep and Goat Breeds and Breeding
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 515
30. Feeding and Managing Sheep and Goats
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 531
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555666579244531535
31. Horse Breeds and Breeding
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 555
32. Feeding And Managing Horses
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 573
33. Poultry Breeding, Feeding, and Management
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 591
34. Aquaculture
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 625
Table: Weights and Measures
Robert W. Taylor/Tom G. Field 643
Index 645
III
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glossary
From Glossary of Scientific Farm Animal Production: An Introduction to Animal Science, Tenth Edition. Thomas G. Field and Robert E.
Taylor. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Published by Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
1
glossary
abomasum The fourth stomach compartment of rumi- androgen A male sex hormone, such as testosterone.
nant animals that corresponds to the true stomach of mono-
anemia Deficiency of hemoglobin, often accompanied by a
gastric animals.
reduced number of red blood cells. Usually results from an iron
abortion Delivery of fetus between conception and a few deficiency.
days before normal parturition.
anestrous Period of time when female is not in estrus; the
abscess Localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by nonbreeding season.
disintegration of tissues.
antemortem Before death.
absorption The passage of liquid and digested (soluble)
anterior Situated in front of, or toward the front part of,
food across the gut wall.
a point of reference. Toward the head of an animal.
accessory organs The seminal vesicles, prostate, and
anterior pituitary (AP) The part of the pituitary gland, lo-
Cowper’s glands in the male. These glands add their secre-
cated at the base of the brain, that produces several hormones.
tions to the sperm to form semen.
anthelmintic A drug or chemical agent used to kill or re-
accuracy (ACC) of selection Numerical value, ranging
move internal parasites.
from 0–1.0, denoting the confidence that can be placed in
antibiotic A product produced by living organisms, such
the EPD (expected progeny difference); e.g., high (>0.70),
as yeast, which destroys or inhibits the growth of other mi-
medium (0.40–0.69), low (<0.40).
croorganisms, especially bacteria.
adipose Fat cells or fat tissue.
antibody A specific protein molecule that is produced in
ad libitum Free choice; allowing animals to eat all they
response to a foreign protein (antigen) that has been intro-
want.
duced into the body.
afterbirth The membranes attached to the fetus that are
antigen A foreign substance that, when introduced into
expelled after parturition.
the blood or tissues, causes the formation of antibodies.
AI Abbreviation for artificial insemination. Antigens may be toxins or native proteins.
air dry Refers to feeds in equilibrium with air; they would anti-inflammatory An agent that acts to decrease inflam-
contain approximately 10% water or 90% dry matter. mation and associated pain, heat, and swelling.
albumen The white of an egg. antiseptic A chemical agent used on living tissue to con-
alimentary tract Passageway for food and waste products trol the growth and development of microorganisms.
through the body. antitoxin An antibody that is capable of neutralizing poi-
alleles Genes occupying corresponding loci in homolo- sons from animal and vegetable sources.
gous chromosomes that affect the same hereditary trait but AP See anterior pituitary.
in different ways.
APCS A popular milk testing system where weight is
allelomimetic behavior Doing the same thing. Animals recorded at two milkings.
tend to follow the actions of other animals.
arteriosclerosis A disease resulting in the thickening and
alveolus (plural alveoli) A hollow cluster of cells. In the hardening of the artery walls.
mammary gland, these cells secret milk.
artery Vessel through which blood passes from the heart
amino acid Any of a class of 20 molecules that are com- to all parts of the body.
bined to form proteins in living things.
artificial insemination The introduction of semen into
amnion A fluid-filled membrane located next to the fetus. the female reproductive tract (usually the cervix or uterus)
ampulla The dilated or enlarged upper portion of the vas by a technique other than natural service.
deferens in bulls, bucks, and rams, where sperm are stored
artificial vagina A device used to collect semen from a male
for sudden release at ejaculation.
when he mounts in a normal manner to copulate. The male ejac-
anabolic A constructive, or “building up,” process. ulates into this device, which simulates the vagina of the female
anaerobic Able to survive or function where there is no in pressure, temperature, and sensation to the penis.
oxygen. ascaris Any of the genus (Ascaris) of parasitic roundworms.
anatomy Science of animal body structure and the rela- as fed Refers to feeding feeds that contain their normal
tion of the body parts. amount of moisture.
2
glossary
assimilation The process of transforming food into living boar (1) A male swine of breeding age. (2) Denotes a male
tissue. pig, which is called a boar pig.
atherosclerosis A condition of the circulatory system bog spavin A soft enlargement of the anterior, inner as-
characterized by formation of fatty deposits on the inner pect of the hock.
walls of arteries.
bolus (1) Regurgitated food. (2) A large pill for dosing
atrophy Shrinking or wasting away of a tissue or organ. animals.
auction A market facility where an auctioneer sells ani- bone spavin A bony (hard) enlargement of the inner as-
mals to the highest bidder. pect of the hock.
autopsy A postmortem examination in which the body is bots Any of a number of related flies whose larvae are par-
dissected to determine the cause of death. asitic in horses and sheep.
avian Refers to birds, including poultry. bovine A general family grouping of cattle.
balance sheet A statement of assets owned and liabilities boxed beef Cuts of beef put in boxes for shipping from
owed in dollar terms that shows the equity or net worth at a packing plant to retailers. These primal and subprimal cuts
specific point in time (e.g., net worth statement). are intermediate cuts between the carcass and retail cuts.
band (1) a relatively large group of range sheep; (2) method boxed lamb See boxed beef. Similar process except lamb
of identification (e.g., put a band around the leg of a chicken). instead of beef.
Bang’s disease See brucellosis. break joint Denotes the point on a lamb carcass where
barren Not capable of producing offspring. the foot and pastern are removed at the cartilaginous junc-
barrow A male swine that was castrated before reaching tion of the front leg.
puberty. bred Female has been mated to the male. Usually implies
basal metabolism The chemical changes that occur in the female is pregnant.
an animal’s body when the animal is in a thermoneutral en- breech The buttocks. A breech presentation at birth is
vironment, resting, and in a postabsorptive state. It is usually where the rear portion of the fetus is presented first.
determined by measuring oxygen consumption and carbon
breed Animals of common origin with characteristics that
dioxide production.
distinguish them from other groups within the same species.
base pair Two nitrogenous bases (adenine and thymine
breeding value A genetic measure for one trait of an ani-
or guanine and cytosine) held together by weak bonds. Two
mal, calculated by combining into one number several per-
strands of DNA are held together in the shape of a double
formance values that have been accumulated on the animal
helix by the bonds between base pairs.
and the animal’s relatives.
beef The meat from cattle (bovine species) other than
brisket disease A noninfectious disease of cattle charac-
calves (the meat from calves is called veal).
terized by congestive right heart failure. It affects animals re-
beri-beri A disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin B . siding at high elevations (usually above 7,000 ft).
1
biologicals Medicinal products used primarily to prevent British breeds Breeds of beef cattle originating in Eng-
disease, including serums, vaccines, antigens, antitoxins, etc. land. Examples are Angus, Hereford, and Shorthorn.
biotechnology The use of microorganisms, plant cells, British thermal unit (Btu) The quantity of heat required
animal cells, or parts of cells (such as enzymes) to produce to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water 1°F at or near 39.2°F.
industrially important products or processes.
brockle-faced White-faced with other colors splotched
birth weight expected progeny difference (EPD) The on the face and head.
expected average increase or decrease in the birth weight of a
broiler A young meat-type chicken of either sex (usually
beef bull’s calves when compared to the other bulls in the sire
up to 6–8 weeks of age) weighing 3–5 lb. Also referred to as
summary.
a fryeror young chicken.
blemish Any defect or injury that mars the appearance of,
broken-mouth Some teeth are missing or broken.
but does not impair the usefulness of, an animal.
brooder Fish that have reached reproductive maturity.
bloat An abnormal condition in ruminants characterized
by a distention of the rumen, usually seen on an animal’s up- broodiness The desire of a female bird to sit on eggs
per left side, owing to an accumulation of gases. (incubate).
blood spots Spots in the egg caused by a rupture of one or browse Woody or brushy plants. Livestock feed on ten-
more blood vessels in the yolk follicle at the time of ovulation. der shoots or twigs.
BLUP Best linear unbiased prediction, method for esti- brucellosis A contagious bacterial disease that results in
mating breeding values of breeding animals. abortions; also called Bang’s disease.
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