Scientific American Mind Magazine (The Power to Persuade, March April 2010) volume 21 issue 1

80 Pages·2010·10.11 MB·English

by  Various

6 TOP MYTHS IN POP PSYCHOLOGY page 42
Are You
MIND
Mentally
Healthy?
Take Our Quiz
page 58
• •
BEHAVIOR BRAIN SCIENCE INSIGHTS
March/April 2010
www.ScientificAmerican.com/Mind
THE
POWER TO
PERSUADE
How masters of
“supersuasion”
can change your
mind
page 24
Plus:
SPECIAL REPORT
Better Paths
to Learning
BRAIN
CANCER
UPDATE
Taking Aim at
Tumor Sources
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MInd
BEHAVIOR • BRAIN SCIENCE • INSIGHTS
EdITOR IN cHIEf: Mariette DiChristina
ISSuE EdITOR: John Rennie
EdITORS: Karen Schrock, Ingrid Wickelgren
ART dIREcTOR: Patricia Nemoto
ISSuE pHOTOGRApHy EdITOR:
Bridget Gerety Small
cOpy dIREcTOR: Maria-Christina Keller
EdITORIAl AdmINISTRATOR: Avonelle Wing
SENIOR SEcRETARy: Maya Harty
cONTRIBuTING EdITORS: Gareth Cook,
David Dobbs, Robert Epstein, Jonah Lehrer
cONTRIBuTING RESEARcHERS: S mitha Alampur,
Kenneth Silber, Kevin Singer
cOpy ANd pROducTION,
NATuRE puBlISHING GROup:
SENIOR cOpy EdITOR, NpG:
Daniel C. Schlenoff
mANAGING pROducTION EdITOR, NpG:
Richard Hunt
SENIOR pROducTION EdITOR, NpG: Convince Me
Michelle Wright
BOARd Of AdVISERS:
HAl ARKOwITz: Associate Professor
of Psychology, University of Arizona
I didn’t need it, but it was the perfect thing for anyone who considered herself artis-
STEpHEN J. cEcI: Professor of Developmental
Psychology, Cornell University tic and liked to make detailed drawings, I had to agree. The art supplies salesperson
R. dOuGlAS fIEldS: Chief, Nervous System smiled ingratiatingly at me as our conversation morphed into a pitch I literally felt I
Development and Plasticity Section, National
couldn’t refuse. We had struck up a chat about art, and he somehow found a way to
Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child
Health and Human Development make an expensive pen-and-ink set seem indispensable by echoing back to me things
S. AlExANdER HASlAm: Professor of Social and I had said I valued in my drawings and in my tools. When he would point out its vir-
Organizational Psychology, University of Exeter
cHRISTOf KOcH: Professor of Cognitive and tues, he’d say, “Don’t you agree?” Yes, I did. And at the end, I forked over $25—at
Behavioral Biology, California Institute the time, more than I would spend for a week of groceries as an undergrad—and I
of Technology
could not figure out what he had done to make me buy that set. He literally had
ScOTT O. lIlIENfEld: Professor of Psychology,
Emory University changed my mind.
STEpHEN l. mAcKNIK, Director, Laboratory of Now I know more about why that happened and even have some ideas about how
Behavioral Neuropsychology, Barrow
Neurological Institute to make it happen myself with other people—and so will you when you read the cov-
E
Ol SuSANNA mARTINEz-cONdE, Director, er story by psychologist Kevin Dutton, “The Power to Persuade.” Dutton provides
TH c NLaebuorroalotogriyca ol fI Vnsitsiutault eNeuroscience, Barrow several simple secrets that confer surprising influence. I hope I’ve convinced you to
E
NN JOHN H. mORRISON: Chairman, Department turn to page 24.
By KE Aofg Ninegu Lraobscoireantcoer,i easn, dM Doiurenctt Soirn, aNi eSucrhooboilo logy of Evidence is persuasive to me as a science journalist, and that is why I have always
T of Medicine appreciated the work of Scott O. Lilienfeld, a psychologist, columnist and member
uI
S VIlAyANuR S. RAmAcHANdRAN: Director, of Mind’s board of advisers. Lilienfeld’s emphasis on evidence-based psychology has
N; Center for the Brain and Cognition, University
mA of California, San Diego, and Adjunct Professor, helped sort wheat from chaff in that field. Now we are gratified to present to readers
Od Salk Institute for Biological Studies an article he has co-authored with Steven Jay Lynn, John Ruscio and the late Barry
O
G dIANE ROGERS-RAmAcHANdRAN: Research
N Associate, Center for the Brain and Cognition, L. Beyerstein entitled “Busting Big Myths in Popular Psychology.” The feature holds
O
AR University of California, San Diego up six myths to evidence-based scrutiny. You may be surprised. The article begins
y A STEpHEN d. REIcHER: Professor of Psychology, on page 42.
B University of St. Andrews
ATION Saorem aed oafp tthede afrrotimcl easr tiinc ltehsi so irsisguine a lly too Oguhi,l tayn tdo t dhoa ts poe bne-caanuds-ein okf sweht?a It’ ivte c noesvt.e Br uust etdh aitt,’ sa alt hsuobujgehc tI fsotirl la hnaovteh eitr. aArltwicaley.s felt
R
T appearing in Gehirn & Geist.
S
lu pROducTION mANAGER: Christina Hippeli
l
OI AdVERTISING pROducTION mANAGER:
OT Carl Cherebin Mariette DiChristina
H pREpRESS ANd QuAlITy mANAGER:
p
R Silvia De Santis Editor in Chief
VE cuSTOm puBlISHING mANAGER:
cO Madelyn Keyes-Milch [email protected]
www.ScientificAmerican.com/Mind ScIENTIfIc AmERIcAN mINd 1
© 2010 Scientific American
(contents) Mind
Volume 21, Number 1, March/April 2010
F E A T U R E S
24
COVER STORY
24
>> The Power to Persuade
How masters of “supersuasion” can
change your mind.
BY KEVIN DUTTON
LEARNING—A SPECIAL SECTION
32
>> A Sensory Fix for
Problems in School
Certain learning disabilities are linked
to problems of perception, but targeted
exercises can help correct them.
BY BURKHART FISCHER
38
>> T he Pluses of
Getting It Wrong
New research makes the case
for difficult tests in schools and
suggests an unusual technique
that anyone can use to learn.
BY HENRY L. ROEDIGER III AND
BRIDGID FINN
42
>> B usting Big Myths
in Popular Psychology
Our experts shatter some widely held
misconceptions about the mind and
human behavior.
BY SCOTT O. LILIENFELD, STEVEN JAY LYNN, 50
JOHN RUSCIO AND BARRY L. >> New Hope for
BEYERSTEIN >
Battling Brain Cancer
>
Studies suggest that stem cells sustain deadly
tumors in the brain—and that aiming at these
insidious culprits could lead to a cure.
BY GREGORY FOLTZ
58
n
>> Are You Mentally Healthy? ma
d
Here’s a new screening tool that might set your oo
g
mind at ease—or get you chatting with a therapist. n
o
BY ROBERT EPSTEIN r
a
a
62 y
b
>> The Brain and the Written Word n
o
Cognitive neuroscientist Stanislas Dehaene ati
r
explains his quest to understand how reading st
u
works in the mind. ll
INTERVIEW BY GARETH COOK toi
o
h
p
2 scientific american mind march/april 2010
© 2010 Scientific American
d E P A R T M E N T S
1 20
>> From the Editor >> I llusions
4 Using aftereffects to probe visual function
>> Letters reveals how the eye and brain handle
colors and contours.
BY VILAYANUR S. RAMACHANDRAN AND
DIANE ROGERS-RAMACHANDRAN
23
>> C alendar
Exhibitions, movies, conferences, and more.
66
>> F acts and Fictions
in Mental Health
A diagnosis of schizophrenia is not always
grounds for despair.
BY SCOTT O. LILIENFELD AND HAL ARKOWITZ
68
>> W e’re Only Human
We think of people with autism as having
a deficit in cognitive processing—but their
distractibility could come from enhanced
perceptual capabilities.
>
BY WRAY HERBERT
>
>
6
>
>> Head Lines
>> G ene therapy shows promise.
>> V iagra for women.
>> P regnancy and antidepressants.
>> L ove promotes creativity.
>> N eurobiology of Stockholm syndrome.
70
>> L isten and learn while asleep. >> R eviews and Recommendations
>> K ids listen to accents.
>> B elief: religious vs. secular. The science of complexity. A biopic of Temple
Grandin. Brain-altering books. And the
mysterious nerves of the shaking woman.
72
Perspectives
>> A sk the Brains
16
>> t he ethical dog When we feel heartache, what happens inside
the body to cause the physical pain in the
Looking for the roots of human morality in the
chest? Why is talking along with gestures
animal kingdom? Focus on canines, who know
easier than trying to talk without gesturing?
how to play fair.
MARC BEKOFF AND JESSICA PIERCE 74
>> H ead Games
18
>> C onsciousness Redux Match wits with the Mensa puzzlers.
A combination of genetics and optics gives brain 76
>> M ind in Pictures
scientists an unprecedented ability to dissect
the circuits of the mind. Time to think about circadian rhythms.
BY CHRISTOF KOCH BY DWAYNE GODWIN AND JORGE CHAM
Scientific American Mind (ISSN 1555-2284), Volume 21, Number 1, March/April 2010, published bimonthly by Scientific American, Inc., 75 Varick Street, 9th Floor,
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© 2010 Scientific American
(letters) november/december 2009 issue
idea in Educating Intuition (University
MInd of Chicago Press, 2001).
“hfpsycho”
adapted from a comment at
www.ScientificAmerican.com/
BEHAVIOR • BRAIN SCIENCE • INSIGHTS
Mind-and-Brain
VIcE PRESIdENT ANd PUBLISHER:
Bruce Brandfon mom WaS right
VIcE PRESIdENT, mARkETING ANd SALES In regards to “Love the One You’re
dEVELOPmENT: Michael Voss
dIREcTOR, GLOBAL mEdIA SOLUTIONS: With,” by Nicholas A. Christakis and
Jeremy A. Abbate James H. Fowler, my mother could have
SALES dEVELOPmENT mANAGER: David Tirpack
saved you a lot of ink. Back in the 1960s
PROmOTION mANAGER: Diane Schube
mARkETING RESEARcH dIREcTOR: Rick Simone when I was a teenager, she often told
SALES REPRESENTATIVES: Jeffrey Crennan, me, “Who you love depends on who’s
Stan Schmidt
around.”
VIcE PRESIdENT, fINANcE ANd BUSINESS “dracaena”
dEVELOPmENT: Michael Florek
BUSINESS mANAGER: Marie Maher adapted from a comment at
www.ScientificAmerican.com/
mANAGING dIREcTOR, cONSUmER mARkETING:
Christian Dorbandt Mind-and-Brain
ASSOcIATE dIREcTOR, cONSUmER mARkETING:
Anne Marie O’Keefe
SmartS vS. SenSe Childhood anxiety
SENIOR mARkETING mANAGER/RETENTION:
Catherine Bussey Regarding “Rational and Irrational I found “Why We Worry,” by Victoria
SENIOR mARkETING mANAGER/AcqUISITION: Thought: The Thinking That IQ Tests Stern, to be interesting and well written.
Patricia Elliott
Miss,” by Keith E. Stanovich: I have The article hit home with me because I
dIREcTOR, ANcILLARY PROdUcTS: been teaching at the college level for suffered from that kind of extreme anxi-
Diane McGarvey
more than a dozen years, and I’ve often ety when I was six years old and my
PRESIdENT: Steven Inchcoombe wondered why some of my best and grandmother died. No one would tell me
VIcE PRESIdENT, OPERATIONS ANd
AdmINISTRATION: Frances Newburg brightest students utterly fail in certain she was dead—they just kept saying she
tasks that less “intellectual” students are “passed away.”
HOw TO cONTAcT US able to excel in. This led me to believe my mother
fOR AdVERTISING INqUIRIES: Thank you for the introduction to would “pass” and be gone forever. I took
Scientific American Mind “dysrationalia,” a phenomenon that to following her everywhere, including
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seems to explain a lot. I look forward to hiding under the couch when I was sup-
New York, NY 10013
212-451-8893 more insightful articles like this one in posed to be in bed. I ended up on pheno-
fax: [phone] your pages. barbital for several months, supposedly
fOR SUBScRIPTION INqUIRIES: Ryan G. Van cleave to help me get over my night terrors—at
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I am heartened to see that serious
Scientific American Mind
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lent affliction that we commonly refer to der that can be crippling. Kudos!
TO ORdER REPRINTS:
as “lack of common sense.” “lillybeth”
Reprint Department
debra Grob adapted from a comment at
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New York, NY 10013 Mind-and-Brain
212-451-8877
fax: [phone] most of the research on decision
[email protected] making and cognition in general has es- BaBy drama
fOR PERmISSION TO cOPY OR sentially shown that we are not rational Thank you for “Dangerous Liaisons,”
REUSE mATERIAL fROm ScIAmmINd: decision makers. The best option, there- by Ophelia Austin-Small. A childhood
Permissions Department fore, is to work on honing our gut in- friend of mine recently became an un-
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75 Varick Street, 9th Floor stinct to increase the probability that the bearable drama queen. I now believe her
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Business psychologist Robin Ho- partum depression, but simply knowing
www.ScientificAmerican.com/permissions
Please allow three to six weeks for processing. garth summarizes this counterintuitive the cause does not help me deal with her.
4 ScIENTIfIc AmERIcAN mINd march/April 2010
© 2010 Scientific American
(letters)
This article’s tips were very enlightening. there. I wonder if the Chinese—or peo- design fault in the user interface of the
Thanks again! ple from other cultures for whom black card reader. The card reader should be
“emeryannharris” and white are not so clearly related to designed to accept the card in either
adapted from a comment at stain and purity—would behave differ- direction.
www.ScientificAmerican.com/ ently on the psychological experiments “istaines”
Mind-and-Brain described in this article. adapted from a comment at
Suzanne Hillman www.ScientificAmerican.com/
via e-mail Mind-and-Brain
groWing PainS Seeing in Stereo
Obviously the body’s perception of it- Neuroscientist Terry Sejnowski’s ex-
self must be plastic, as Frederik Joelving planation of mental calculations in Ask
reports in “Evolving Mental Maps” the Brains got me thinking. A long time
[Head Lines]. If it were not, we would be ago I noticed that if I watched a movie or
in dire trouble when as teenagers we un- television with only one eye I would get
dergo a growth spurt. more of a sensation of depth than when
“eco-stave” watching with both eyes. This seemed to
adapted from a comment at make sense to me because I figured that
www.ScientificAmerican.com/ the brain uses many variables to deter-
Mind-and-Brain mine depth (including size, occlusion,
movement, and so on), but it probably
Credit-Card error gives priority to stereo vision.
michael manchester wrote to Ask Closing one eye removes stereo vi-
the Brains to wonder why most of his sion from the equation, thereby reducing
customers are confused by his instruc- the impact of seeing the flat two-dimen-
tions to swipe their credit card with the sional screen and allowing the other
magnetic stripe “toward me.” In the face depth cues in the moving images to come
of repeated failure, can anyone explain to the fore. Try it sometime—especially
Good guys wear white because our brain
links the color black with filth and contagion. why he hasn’t simply changed his in- when there is a scene with a lot of rela-
struction to something like “swipe the tive movement, such as a swimming
card with the magnetic stripe facing school of fish.
BlaCk and White away from you?” It is my gut feeling that “zselway”
concerning “The Color of Sin,” by such an instruction would result in far adapted from a comment at
Wray Herbert [We’re Only Human], I less confusion, which would not only re- www.ScientificAmerican.com/
believe the association between morality lieve Mr. Manchester’s stress at work Mind-and-Brain
and whiteness (and evil and blackness) is but also poke a hole in the “phonologi-
as clear as night and day. Night is a time cal loop” versus “intelligent interpreta- errata “Why We Worry,” by Victoria
when human beings’ main survival tion of meaning” theory given in your Stern, incorrectly states that antianxiety
sense—vision—is weakened or nullified. magazine. If, on the other hand, the drugs such as Valium and Xanax inhibit
Other animals with a better sense of same customers who fail to intelligently the neurotransmitter GABA. In fact,
smell or hearing have the advantage. interpret “stripe toward me” also misin- these drugs increase the activity of
Darkness, therefore, equals danger. terpret “stripe away from you,” the fail- GABA, which itself acts as an inhibitor,
“sirebral” ure rate would not change, and I would thereby quelling anxious arousal.
adapted from a comment at be proved incorrect. “What Does a Smart Brain Look Like?”
www.ScientificAmerican.com/ wayne keyser by Richard J. Haier, misstated the order
Mind-and-Brain Eldersburg, Md. of the authors on one paper for the Fur-
ther Reading. The correct citation is
Herbert commented briefly on the why are people propos- “Brain Imaging Studies of
concept of different races having differ- ing a variety of social solu- hoW to ContaCt uS Intelligence and Creativity:
ent reactions to the colors black and tions, such as the store clerk For general inquiries or What Is the Picture for Edu-
to send a letter to the editor:
white, but he did not mention different giving the directions differ- Scientific American mind cation?” by Richard J. Hai-
cultures. In China, for example, white is ently, to what is simply a 75 Varick Street, 9th floor er and Rex E. Jung, in
New York, NY 10013
the color of death (or mourning) rather technical problem? This is- 212-451-8200 Roeper Review, Vol. 30, No.
[email protected]
than purity. Brides do not wear white sue is simply the result of a 3, pages 171–180; 2008.
www.ScientificAmerican.com/mind ScIENTIfIc AmERIcAN mINd 5
© 2010 Scientific American
s
e
n
i
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e
>> medicine
Gene Target Beats Oil Remedy
Therapy shows promise in a deadly degenerative brain disease
H
The 1992 tearjerker Lorenzo’s Oil told the true leading to death before adolescence. The main
story of one family’s struggle to save their son treatment is still bone marrow transplantation: a
from X­linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), a risky procedure that relies on fi nding a suitable
deadly degenerative brain disease. Unfortunate­ donor, explains Patrick Aubourg, a neurologist
ly, over the ensuing years, the oil of the fi lm’s at France’s INSERM research institute.
title, a dietary supplement, has not panned out Now Aubourg and his team have showed in
as the cure many people hoped it would be. Now a preliminary trial that gene therapy stopped
a paper in the November 2009 issue of Science ALD in two boys for whom they could not fi nd
suggests that the long­sought cure may come matching bone marrow donors. After fi shing
from gene therapy—a famously hyped approach stem cells from each individual’s own blood,
to treatment that tragically caused the death of the researchers inserted a normal version of
a teenage experimental subject in 1999. the ABCD1 gene into some of the cells and
Since then, however, researchers have transplanted them back into the kids.
continued to cautiously pursue gene therapy for The results were promising: ALD progression
certain disorders with known genetic origins. halted within 14 to 16 months. A year later
ALD, for instance, is caused by mutations in a neither child had further brain damage or k
c
gene called ABCD1, leading to unusually high leukemia (a side effect in some past gene o
t
s
levels of a type of fatty acid that damages the therapy trials). The researchers have now treated o
t
material insulating some neurons. It affects a third individual and are preparing for larger fo
e
about one in 20,000 six­ to eight­year­old boys, trials in Europe and the U.S. —Andrea Anderson ag
6 march/april 2010
© 2010 Scientific American
>> langUage >> perception
Chimps Talk with Monkeys Get
Their Hands the Creeps, Too
Right­handed gesturing in Like humans, animals
apes hints at the origins of do not care for realistic
human language animations of themselves
The origins of language have long been a The fl op of the 2004 animated fi lm The Polar
mystery, but mounting evidence hints that Express is largely blamed on the “creepy”
our unique linguistic abilities could have feeling people get when they look at very
evolved from gestural communication in realistic-looking robots
our ancestors. Such gesturing may also or human animations.
explain why most people are right­handed. These too real facsimi-
Researchers at the Yerkes National les fall into the so-
Primate Research Center recently ex am­ called uncanny valley,
ined captive chimpanzees and found that between acceptably
most of them predominantly used their right hand when communicating with one fake-looking human
another—for example, when greeting another chimp by extending an arm. The representations and
animals did not show this hand preference for noncommunicative actions, such real, healthy humans. Psychologists have
as wiping their noses. Such lateralized hand use suggests that chimpanzees have long wondered whether this aversion has
a system in their left brain hemisphere that is coupled to the production of com­ an evolutionary basis, and new research on
municative gestures, says study author William Hopkins. The same cerebral macaques suggests that it does.
hemisphere is host to most language functions in humans, which hints that an Princeton University researchers
ancestral gestural system could have been the precursor for language, he says. presented images of real monkey faces,
That notion is supported by previous studies that have shown anatomical unrealistic animated faces and realistic
asymmetries in chimpanzees’ brains in areas that are considered to be hom o­ animated faces to fi ve monkey subjects and
logues of human language centers, such as Broca’s area, Hopkins says. “Chimps recorded how long they gazed at each. Similar
that gesture with their right hand typically have a larger left Broca’s area, and to the human response to objects in the
those that don’t show a [hand] bias typically don’t show any asymmetry in the uncanny valley, the monkeys avoided looking
brain,” he notes. at the most realistic animated faces. The
The idea that language emerged from an ancestral gestural system located in scientists, who published their results in
the left brain hemisphere could explain why the vast majority of people are right­ the Proceedings of the National Academy
handed, Hopkins says. If gesturing was strongly selected for in human evolution, of Sciences USA, speculate that realistic
then the fact that most people are right­handed is a consequence of that. This animations might resemble sickly or diseased
t/ hypothesis challenges the long­held view that the opposite scenario is true: that animals because they lack subtle cues of
n
me right­handedness emerged for motor skills such as tool use and that communi­ health such as normal skin texture and hue—
ain cation built on the developed asymmetry in the motor system later. and that an aversion to such sights may have
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www.scientificamerican.com/mind scientific american mind 7
© 2010 Scientific American
(head lines)
>> drUgs
Are Antidepressants Safe for Pregnant Women?
Recent research shows a risk to fetuses and infants
Americans take more antide­
pressants than they do any other
type of prescription drug, and
pregnant women are no excep­
tion. One out of every eight
pregnant women in the U.S.
takes selective serotonin re up­
take inhibitors (SSRIs) to treat
depression or other mood disor­
ders. A handful of recent studies
suggest that these drugs could
have adverse effects on infant
health: they may increase the
risk for rare heart defects, pre­
mature delivery, low birth
weight and withdrawal symp­
toms. Nevertheless, some doc­
tors argue that the benefits these
drugs provide still outweigh the
potential risks.
Worries over the use of SSRIs
during pregnancy first surfaced
in journal articles published in
the 1980s, but it was not until
2005 that the U.S. Food and
Drug Administration conceded
that babies born of mothers who
take paroxetine (sold as Paxil
and Seroxa) during their first
trimester are up to twice as like­
ly to exhibit fetal heart defects.
A 2005 study published in the
Lancet also found that some
newborns born of mothers tak­
ing paroxetine suffer from with­
drawal symptoms such as con­
vulsions and abnormal crying for olescent Medicine suggests that women from those of underlying depression.”
several days. taking SSRIs are twice as likely to have Sanz and Toh point out, however,
More recently, pregnancy risks as­ preterm births as compared with the that many women who take SSRIs have
sociated with other SSRIs have also general population and that their ba­ not been diagnosed with clinical depres­
come to light. A study published in the bies are more likely to spend time in the sion—some take the drugs for obsessive­
September 26 issue of the British Medi- neonatal intensive care unit. compulsive disorder, pain management
cal Journal monitored nearly 500,000 So should women stop taking SSRIs or even severe premenstrual symptoms.
Danish children from nationwide regis­ when they are pregnant? Not necessar­ For these kinds of conditions, there may
tries and found that women who take ily, says Emilio Sanz, a clinical phar­ be other, potentially safer options. For
sertraline (Zoloft), citalopram (Celexa) macologist at the University of La La­ instance, in September 2009 a report
and fluoxetine (Prozac) are more likely guna in Tenerife, Canary Islands, and from the American Psychiatric Associa­
to give birth to babies with heart de­ co­author of the 2005 Lancet study. tion and the American College of Ob­
fects, although the overall risk is still He notes that untreated depression in­ stetricians and Gynecologists argued
quite low. A study in press in the Jour- creases the risk of prematurity, low that psychotherapy is a suitable treat­
nal of Clinical Psychopharmacology birth weight and neonatal complica­ ment for some pregnant women suffer­
notes that women treated with SSRIs tions, too. Sengwee Darren Toh, an ep­ ing from mild forms of depression or
s
during late pregnancy are more likely idemiologist at the Harvard School of other mood disorders. Doctors have to e
g
to give birth to small and premature Public Health, points out that these “distinguish between real depression ma
babies. A study published in the Octo­ similar outcomes make it “quite diffi­ and just blues, sadness, feeling down,” y i
t
t
ber 2009 Archives of Pediatric and Ad- cult to tease out effects of the drugs Sanz says. —Melinda Wenner ge
8 scientific american mind march/april 2010
© 2010 Scientific American