Science Year by Year: The Ultimate Visual Guide to the Discoveries That Changed the World PDF
Preview Science Year by Year: The Ultimate Visual Guide to the Discoveries That Changed the World
SC I E NC E Y E A R B Y Y E A R SC I E NC E THE ULTIMATE VISUAL GUIDE TO THE DISCOVERIES THAT CHANGED THE WORLD Y E A R B Y Y E A R LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI DK LONDON DK INDIA Senior Art Editor Senior Editors Deputy Managing Art Editor Managing Editor Ina Stradins Peter Frances, Janet Mohun Sudakshina Basu Rohan Sinha Project Art Editors Project Editors Senior Art Editor Senior Editor Alison Gardner, Clare Joyce, Jemima Dunne, Joanna Edwards, Devika Dwarakadas Anita Kakar Francis Wong Lara Maiklem, David Summers, Art Editors Editors Miezan van Zyl, Laura Wheadon Senior Preproduction Producer Suhita Dharamjit, Dharini Ganesh, Himani Ben Marcus Editors Amit Malhotra Khatreja, Priyaneet Singh Ann Baggaley, Martyn Page, Producer Assistant Art Editor DTP Manager Carron Brown Vivienne Yong Vanya Mittal Balwant Singh Editorial Assistant Creative Technical Support Production Manager Senior DTP Designer Kaiya Shang Adam Brackenbury Pankaj Sharma Jagtar Singh Picture Researcher Jacket Designer DTP Designers Liz Moore Mark Cavanagh Nand Kishor Acharya, Jacket Editor Sachin Gupta New Photography Manisha Majithia Gary Ombler Indexer New Illustrations Jane Parker Peter Bull SMITHSONIAN ENTERPRISES Managing Editor Jacket Design Development Manager Angeles Gavira Guerrero Senior Vice President Carol LeBlanc Sophia MTT Publisher Director of Licensing Brigid Ferraro Managing Art Editor Sarah Larter Michelle Baxter Licensing Manager and Project Ellen Nanney Associate Publishing Director Coordinator Art Director Liz Wheeler Philip Ormerod Product Development Kealy Wilson Publishing Director Coordinator Jonathan Metcalf First published in Great Britain in 2013 by Dorling Kindersley Limited A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL the British Library. Penguin Group (UK) ISBN: 978 1 4093 1613 8 2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1 Colour reproduction by Alta Images, London 001 – 184801 – Oct/2013 Printed and bound in China by Hung Hing Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley Limited All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without Discover more at prior written permission of the copyright owner. www.dk.com CONTRIBUTORS Jack Challoner Philip Parker Mary Gribbin Science writer and communicator with a Historian and writer whose books include Science writer for young readers and is a Visiting background in physics. He contributed to DK’s Eyewitness Companion Guide: World Fellow at the University of Sussex. DK’s Science and has written more than 30 History, History Year by Year, and Engineers. other books on science and technology, for GLOSSARY readers of all ages. Marcus Weeks Richard Beatty Writer on history, economics, and popular science. Derek Harvey He has contributed to DK’s Science, Engineers, Edinburgh-based science writer, editor, and scientific lexicographer. Naturalist and science writer for titles including and Help Your Kids with Maths. DK’s Science and The Natural History Book. Giles Sparrow John Farndon Popular science writer, specializing in astronomy Popular science writer, specializing in Earth and space science. science and the history of ideas. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF CONSULTANTS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Smithsonian contributors include historians and Professor Robert Winston John Gribbin museum specialists from: Robert Winston is Professor of Science and Society Science writer, astrophysicist, and Visiting Fellow National Air and Space Museum and Emeritus Professor of Fertility Studies at Imperial in Astronomy at the University of Sussex. He is the The Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum College London and runs a research programme in the author of Science: A History, published by Penguin. maintains the world’s largest collection of historic Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology. aircraft and spacecraft, and its mission is to educate He is an author and broadcaster and regularly writes Marty Jopson and inspire by preserving and displaying historically and hosts popular science programmes, many of which Science communicator and TV presenter, with a PhD significant aeronautical and spaceflight artifacts. have been shown around the world. Previous DK books in plant cell biology. include the award-winning What Makes Me Me?, National Museum of American History Science Experiments, and Human. Jane McIntosh The Smithsonian’s National Museum of American Senior Research Associate at the Faculty of Asian History dedicates its collections and scholarship to CHIEF EDITORIAL and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Cambridge. inspiring a broader understanding of the American nation and its many peoples. CONSULTANT National Museum of Natural History The Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural Patricia Fara History is the most visited natural history museum in the world and the most visited museum in the Senior Tutor of Clare College, University of Cambridge, Smithsonian museum complex. Patricia Fara has published a range of academic and popular books on the history of science, and is a regular National Museums of Asian Art contributor to radio and TV programmes. The Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery hold in trust the nation’s extraordinary collections of Asian art and of American art of the late 19th century aesthetic movement, and are dedicated to the acquisition, care, study, and exhibition of works in their collections. 1 2 3 2.5 MYA–799 CE 800–1542 1543–1788 010 BEFORE 044 EUROPEAN 074 THE AGE SCIENCE BEGAN AND ISLAMIC OF DISCOVERY RENAISSANCE Features Features Features 016 Early Metallurgy 054 Understanding Stars 078 The Story of Anatomy 020 The Story of the Wheel 062 The Story of Gears 084 Measuring Instruments 026 The Story of Geometry 090 Medicine 034 Understanding Simple 100 Understanding Machines Planetary Orbits 108 T he Story of Measuring Time 114 Microscopes 120 Understanding Newton’s Laws of Motion 132 Navigational Tools 146 Meteorological Instruments CONTENTS 4 5 6 7 1789–1894 1895–1945 1946–2013 158 THE AGE 230 THE ATOMIC 276 THE 350 REFERENCE OF REVOLUTIONS AGE INFORMATION AGE Features Features Features Categories 164 Fossils 234 Understanding 284 Understanding DNA 352 Measurements and Units Electromagnetic 170 The Story of the Engine 292 The Story of 355 Physics Radiation Oceanography 174 Understanding Compounds 358 Chemistry 240 Flying Machines and Reactions 298 The Story of Space 360 Biology 244 Understanding Relativity Exploration 184 The Story of Calculating Machines 250 Understanding Atomic 316 Communication 364 Astronomy and Space 194 Understanding Cells Structure 326 Understanding 366 Earth Science 204 Understanding Evolution 260 The Story of Plastics Global Warming 212 Surgery 266 Understanding 334 The Story of Robotics Radioactivity 218 The Story of Sound 344 Understanding Recording Cosmology 368 Who’s Who 375 Glossary 382 Index 398 Acknowledgments
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