Science: The Definitive Visual Guide

517 Pages·2009·127.71 MB·English

by  DK Publishing

T H E D E F I N I T I V E V I S U A L G U I D E
science
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EDITOR- IN-CHIEF ADAM HART-DAVIS
science
T H E D E F I N I T I V E V I S U A L G U I D E
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LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE,
MUNICH, AND DELHI
Senior Art Editors Senior Editors First American Edition, 2009
Stephen Knowlden, Vicky Short Janet Mohun, Kathryn Wilkinson
Published in the United States by
Section Designers Section Editors DK Publishing
Vivienne Brar, Paul Drislane, Mandy Earey, Ann Baggaley, Kim Dennis-Bryan, 375 Hudson Street
Clare Joyce, Mark Lloyd, Heather McCarry, Jemima Dunne, Martha Evatt, New York, New York 10014
Matthew Robbins, Alison Shackleton Nicola Hodgson, Neil Lockley,
Martyn Page 08 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Designers
Keith Davis, Supriya Sahai, Silke Spingies Editors [ID042—October 2009]
Katie John, Patrick Newman, Anna Osborn,
Illustration Visualizer Frank Ritter, Nikki Sims, Sarah Tomley, Copyright © 2009 Dorling Kindersley Limited
Peter Laws Angela Wilkes All rights reserved
Jacket Designer US Editor Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of
Duncan Turner Jane Perlmutter this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means
Production Controller Production Editors (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise),
Sophie Argyris Phil Sergeant, Marc Staples without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and
the above publisher of this book.
Picture Researchers Associate Publisher
Ria Jones, Sarah Smithies, Louise Thomas Liz Wheeler Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited
Managing Art Editor Managing Editor A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Louise Dick Julie Oughton
ISBN: 978-0-7566-5570-9
Art Director Publisher
Bryn Walls Jonathan Metcalf DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for
sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For
details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 375 Hudson Street,
New York, New York 10014 or
Editor-in-Chief Adam Hart-Davis
Adam Hart-Davis is a writer, broadcaster, and photographer, and one of the world’s most
popular and respected “explainers” of science. His TV work includes What the Romans,
Victorians, Tudors and Stuarts, and Ancients Did For Us, Tomorrow’s World, Science Shack,
The Cosmos: A Beginner’s Guide, and Just Another Day. He is the author of more than 25
books on science, invention, and history.
Main Consultants
John Gribbin Jeremy Cherfas Marty Jopson David Bradley
Physics Biology Biology Chemistry
Popular science writer, astrophysicist, and Writer and broadcaster in biological subjects, Science communicator and TV broadcaster, Science writer and editorial consultant,
Visiting Fellow in Astronomy at the University with a PhD in animal behavior. with a PhD in plant cell biology. chartered chemist and member of the Royal
of Sussex, UK. Society of Chemistry, UK.
Douglas Palmer Iain Nicolson Barry Lewis
Earth Sciences Astronomy and Space Math
Technology
Science writer and lecturer for the University Formerly Director of Maths Year 2000 and
of Cambridge Institute of Continuing Formerly Principal Lecturer in Astronomy at now President of the Mathematical
Education, UK, specializing in earth science the University of Hertfordshire, UK; writer, Association, UK.
and paleontology. lecturer, and occasional broadcaster on
astronomy and space science.
Contributors
David Burnie Biology and Medicine David Hughes Astronomy Other contributions Ann Baggaley, Hayley
Jack Challoner Physics Giles Sparrow Physics and Space Birch, John Farndon, Andrew Impey, Jane
Robert Dinwiddie Earth Sciences and Technology McIntosh, Sally Regan, Frank Ritter, Mark
Physics Carole Stott Astronomy Steer, Amber Tokeley, Martin Toseland, James
Derek Harvey Biology and Chemistry Marcus Weeks Math and Technology Urquhart, Diana Vowles.

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Greek Mathematics
and Geometry 34
Contents ARISTOTLE 36
t
Ancient Ideas of
the World 38
1 2
Simple Machines 40
THE DAWN OF How Gears Work 42 RENAISSANCE &
”EUREKA!” 44
SCIENCE t ENLIGHTENMENT
Floating and Sinking 46
PREHISTORY TO 1500 12 Algebra 48 1 500–1700 64
Introduction and Water and Wind Power 50 Introduction and Timeline 66
Timeline 14 Alchemy 52 Birth of Experimental
Science 68
Fire Power 16 ZHANG HENG 54
t Renaissance Medicine
Early Metalworkers 18 Gunpowder and and Surgery 70
Evolution of the Wheel 20 Fire Weapons 56 The Human Body Revealed 72
Elements of Life 22 The Printing Revolution 58 THE SUN-CENTERED
Early Medicine t ALHAZEN 60 tUNIVERSE 74
and Surgery 24 East Meets West 62 Planetary Motion 76
The First Astronomers 26 Magnetic Fields 80
Ancient Number Systems 30 GALILEO GALILEI 82
t
PYTHAGORAS 32 Exploring the Skies 84
t
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Motion, Inertia, and Friction 86 JOSEPH BLACK 148 The Fossil Record 186
t
Methods of Calculating 88 Organic Chemistry 150 FINDING
t
Circulation of the Blood 90 Plant Life Cycles 152 ARCHAEOPTERYX 188
ROBERT HOOKE 92 How Plants Work 154 Dating the Earth 190
t
Microscopic Life 94 3 THE FIRST Shaping the Landscape 192
t
Discovery of the Vacuum 96 VACCINATION 156 Probability and Statistics 196
Tth eR OBBehERavTi oBrO oYfL GE ases 19080 TRHEVEO INLUDTUIOSTNRIAL Stta BtEicN EJAleMctIrNic iFtRy ANKLIN 15608 tOF D EAVROWLUINT’ISO NTH EORY 198
Graphs and Coordinates 102 1700–1890 124 t THE FIRST BATTERY 162 How Evolution Works 200
Electric Current 164 CHARLES DARWIN 202
Newton’s Laws of Motion 104 t
Introduction and Timeline 126 Electromagnetism 166 Laws of Inheritance 204
NEWTON’S IDEA OF
GtRAVITY 106
EtN TGHINE EN E W C O M E N 130 The Electric Motor 168 Atmospheric Movement 206
tG
Spr aIeSveAidtAa aCtin oNdn EaVWel lFTooOcriNctey 1101802 Ste HaAmR RPEnoISgwOienNre ’ Sto 132 tACac cMlcuuIrClaaHtteAin MEgL e aFanAsduR rA eDmAeYn t 1702 PtShtrreu dAcitctumtirneog so ptfh e rWe eather 21080
The Nature of Light 114 CtHRONOMETER 134 Computing 174 Studying the Oceans 212
Splitting and Navigating the Oceans 136 Energy Conversion 176 Animal and Plant Cells 214
Bending Light 116 The Nature of Matter 138 The Nature of Heat 178 Digestion 216
Comets and Meteors 118 States of Matter 140 Laws of Thermodynamics 180 Food and Health 218
Measuring Time 120 Liquids under Pressure 144 The Solar System 182 The Nervous System 220
Classification of Species 122 The Discovery of Gases 146 How Rocks Form 184 The Brain 222
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