Science Policies and Twentieth-Century Dictatorships: Spain, Italy and Argentina PDF
Preview Science Policies and Twentieth-Century Dictatorships: Spain, Italy and Argentina
Science PolicieS and TwenTieTh-cenTury dicTaTorShiPS Science, Technology and Culture, 1700–1945 Series Editors Robert M. Brain The university of British columbia, canada and Ernst Hamm york university, canada Science, Technology and Culture, 1700–1945 focuses on the social, cultural, industrial and economic contexts of science and technology from the ‘scientific revolution’ up to the Second world war. Publishing lively, original, innovative research across a broad spectrum of subjects and genres by an international list of authors, the series has a global compass that concerns the development of modern science in all regions of the world. Subjects may range from close studies of particular sciences and problems to cultural and social histories of science, technology and biomedicine; accounts of scientific travel and exploration; transnational histories of scientific and technological change; monographs examining instruments, their makers and users; the material and visual cultures of science; contextual studies of institutions and of individual scientists, engineers and popularizers of science; and well-edited volumes of essays on themes in the field. also in the series Acid Rain and the Rise of the Environmental Chemist in Nineteenth-Century Britain Peter reed Matter and Method in the Long Chemical Revolution Laws of Another Order Victor d. Boantza From Local Patriotism to a Planetary Perspective Impact Crater Research in Germany, 1930s–1970s Martina Kölbl-ebert Science Policies and Twentieth- century dictatorships Spain, italy and argentina edited by aMParo GóMez Universidad de La Laguna, Spain anTonio Fco. canaleS Universidad de La Laguna, Spain Brian BalMer University College London, UK © amparo Gómez, antonio Fco. canales and Brian Balmer 2015 all rights reserved. no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. amparo Gómez, antonio Fco. canales and Brian Balmer have asserted their right under the copyright, designs and Patents act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work. Published by ashgate Publishing limited ashgate Publishing company wey court east 110 cherry Street union road Suite 3-1 Farnham Burlington, VT 05401-3818 Surrey, Gu9 7PT uSa england www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data a catalogue record for this book is available from the British library The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows: Science Policies and Twentieth-century dictatorships: Spain, italy and argentina / edited by amparo Gómez, antonio Fco. canales and Brian Balmer. pages cm. – (Science, Technology and culture, 1700–1945) includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Science and state – Spain – history – 20th century. 2. Science and state – italy – history – 20th century. 3. Science and state – argentina – history – 20th century. 4. dictatorship – Spain – history – 20th century. 5. dictatorship – italy – history – 20th century. 6. dictatorship – argentina – history – 20th century. 7. Spain – Politics and government – 1939-1975. 8. italy – Politics and government – 1922-1945. 9. argentina – Politics and government – 1955-1983. i. Gómez rodríguez, amparo. ii. canales Serrano, antonio Francisco, 1966- iii. Balmer, Brian, 1965- Q127.S7S38 2015 338.9’26 – dc23 2014049925 iSBn: 9781472422323 (hbk) iSBn: 9781472422330 (ebk – PdF) iSBn: 9781472422347 (ebk – ePuB) Printed in the united Kingdom by henry ling limited, at the dorset Press, dorchester, dT1 1hd Contents List of Figure and Tables vii Notes on Contributors ix Preface xiii Amparo Gómez, Antonio Fco. Canales and Brian Balmer 1 Science Policy under Democracy and Dictatorship: An Introductory Essay 1 Amparo Gómez, Brian Balmer and Antonio Fco. Canales 2 The ‘Social Contract’ for Spanish Science before the Civil War 27 Amparo Gómez 3 Spanish Science: from the Convergence with Europe to Purge and Exile 59 Francisco A. González Redondo 4 The Reactionary Utopia: the CSIC and Spanish Imperial Science 79 Antonio Fco. Canales 5 Broken Science, Scientists under Suspicion. Neuroscience in Spain during the Early Years of the Franco Dictatorship 103 Rafael Huertas 6 Cultures of Research and the International Relations of Physics Through Francoism: Spain at CERN 121 Xavier Roqué 7 The National Council for Research in the Context of Fascist Autarky 141 Roberto Maiocchi vi Science Policies and Twentieth-Century Dictatorships 8 Statistical Theory, Scientific Rivalry and War Politics in Fascist Italy (1939–1943) 159 Jean-Guy Prévost 9 Science, Military Dictatorships and Constitutional Governments in Argentina 179 Pablo Miguel Jacovkis 10 Science Policy in Argentina During the ‘Dirty War’ 199 Diana Maffía Appendix: History of Science in Spain, Italy and Argentina 211 Index 215 List of Figure and Tables Tables 6.1. Data concerning expenditure on basic research, applied research, development and services (in million pesetas) 127 6.2. Estimate of research expenditure in public establishments for some scientific and economic sectors 127 6.3. Spain’s contribution to CERN, 1961–71, in million pesetas 129 Figure 8.1 A three-level structural homology 174 This page has been left blank intentionally Notes on Contributors Brian Balmer is Professor of Science Policy Studies in the Department of Science and Technology Studies, University College London. His research interests are in the history of science policy, scientific migration and the ‘brain drain’, the geography of knowledge, and the relationship between science and the military. He has published widely on these subjects and is author of Britain and Biological Warfare: Expert Advice and Science Policy 1930–65 and Secrecy and Science: A Historical Sociology of Biological and Chemical Warfare. He is an editorial advisor for Social Studies of Science, and until recently was on the editorial board of Notes and Records of the Royal Society. Antonio Fco. Canales is Lecturer of History of Education at the Universidad de La Laguna. He is a specialist in the history of the Franco regime. He is the author of books as Las otras derechas (Madrid, 2006) and the editor with A. Gómez of La larga noche de la educación española. El sistema educativo español en la posguerra (Madrid, 2015); Estudios Políticos de la Ciencia (Madrid,, 2013) and Ciencia y fascismo: la ciencia española de postguerra (Barcelona, 2009). He has published articles in journals such as Gender and Education, History of Education and Journal of War and Cultural Studies. He is a member of the Executive Committee of the Spanish History of Education Society and the secretary of its journal, Historia y Memoria de la Educación. Amparo Gómez is Professor of Philosophy of Science in the Universidad de La Laguna and Honorary Senior Research Fellow in the Department of Science and Technology Studies, University College London. Her research interests are in the history and philosophy of science and science policy studies. She is the editor, with E. Agazzi and J. Echeverría, of Epistemology and the Social (Amsterdam, 2008), and, with A.F. Canales, of La larga noche de la educación española. El sistema educativo español en la posguerra (Madrid, 2014); Estudios Políticos de la Ciencia (Madrid, 2011) and Ciencia y fascismo: la ciencia española de postguerra (Barcelona, 2009). She is author of ‘The rebels and the new Spanish scientific culture’ (Journal of War and Culture Studies, 2(3), 321–33, 2009) and many other articles in national and international journals such as Epistemologia, Teorema, Isegoría, Anthropos-Iatria and Dynamis, among others.
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