Science of Engineering Materials: Volume 2 Materials PDF
Preview Science of Engineering Materials: Volume 2 Materials
SCIENCE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS Seien ce 01 Engineering Materials Volume 1 Structure of Matter Volume 2 Materials Volume 3 Engineering Properties Science of Engineering Materials Volume 2 Materials MANAS CHANDA Indian Institute 0/ Science, Bangalore ~ Manas Chanda 1979 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. First published in India 1979 by Macmillan India Ltd First published in Oreat Britain 1981 by THE MACM[LLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Companies and representatives throughout the world Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com ISBN 978-0-333-31816-4 ISBN 978-1-349-06053-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-06053-5 The paperback edition of tM book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. To the loving memory 0/ The Late Smt. Nityabala Chaudhuri Foreword Materials science is an interdisciplinary subject of great importance. It is increasingly being recognised that a course in materials science should form an essential part of engineering science curricula in universities. This is because of the rapid progress being made in the development of sophisticated tailor-made materials of desired properties and specifications to suit specific needs. The subject is, therefore, not only of relevance to engineering but also to physical sciences, medical science, and other disciplines. Thus, modern medical practice makes use of new bio-materials while modern solid state chemistry is concerned with the synthesis of novel kinds of compounds. An introduction to materials science will un doubtedly enable students, teachers and professionals to appreciate the problems related to materials in the modern world. This book by Dr. Manas Chanda attempts to present an introduction to engineering materials science, which I am sure will be found useful by the scientific and educational community. Dr. Chanda has taken pains to work out examples and problems which will be useful to students. I recommend the book to students and teachers of materials science. Indian Institute 01 Science CN R RAO Bangalore 22 February 1979 Preface The properties or behaviour of every kind of engineering material depend upon its intern al structure, and the hierarchy of such structures ranges from the atomic and molecular level through the crystalline structure to microstructures and macrostructures. Volume I of this book dealt, in its five chapters, with the structure of atoms and molecules, the characteristics and molecular make-up of the different states of matter, and the structure of crystalline . and amorphous solid phases. The present volume, composed of six chapters, presents an organised study of muItiphase systems, dealing with microstructures, macrostructures, and behavioural characteristics of the main classes of engineeriDg materials. General phase·equilibrium relationsbips, phase changes and phase or grain cJ:aracteristics are dealt with in Chapter 1, which also presents a concerted treatment of the major processes that control the grain cbaracteristics, such as recrystallisation, grain growth and sintering, with examples drawn from both metallic and non metallic systems. Chapter 2 is devoted to a detailed study of phases and phase transformations in iron-carhon systems, in recognition of their great importance in engineering. The next four chapters are concerned with the four main groups of engin eering materials-:netals and alloys, plastics, ceramics, and composites. The discussion in these chapters emphasises how the internal make-up and structure can be designed or considerably modified by vanous manufacturing processes and treatments to impart completely different characteristics to the material. Ferrous and non-ferrous alloys are discussed from this angle in Chapter 3, x PREFACE followed by polymerie materials in Chapter 4. Polymerie materials present a striking example of the fact that we are no longer foreed to accept the atomie and moleeular arrangements produced by nature, but we ean modify and tailor them to produee desired properties for particular applications. Thus, by varying the molecular make-up of polymers, by varying the length of the moleeular ehain and its eharaeteristies such as its stiffness and symmetry or by controlling the degree and type of eross-linking, we can produee a wide range of materials for different applica tions. The diseussion in Chapter 4 is oriented to emphasise this viewpoint. Over tbe last few decades, the aneient art of ceramies has been transformed into thc science of materials engineering, helped by an understanding of tbe relation between structure and properties that permits better control of chemical composition and micro structure, and designing new materials for technology. A study of ceramic materials from this viewpoint is presented in Chapter 5. The next chapter deals with composite materials, highlighting the factors, such as the nature of tbe constituents and the relations and interactions between the constituents, which determine the properties and behaviour of composites. At tbe end of each chapter, there are problems to enhance the reader's understanding of the coneepts discussed in the text. Original references and an impormnt bibliography have been cited at tbe end of each chapter which should help the readers in their attempts to widen their horizon and deepen their understanding of the subject through further studies. CGS units have been used throughout the text. However, in view of the growing acceptance of the international (SI) metric system, the book provides a table of basic, derived and supple mentary SI units, as weIl as conversion factors to facilitate conversion to SI units. Besides, in many places in the text, SI equivalents have been given to afford familiarity with this system in relation to tbe CGS system. Tbis should assist tbe reader in gradual transition from the present use of mixed units to the SI units. In writting a book of tbis kind, one accumulates indebtedness to a wide range of people, not the least to the authors of earlier publications in the field. I particularly wisb to acknowledge the help given by Professors I. A. Aksay and J. A. Pask of the PREFACE xi Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, American Society for Metals, Ohio and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington. My f~ulty colleagues, innumerable students and academic associates in other universities and colleges, have provided much welcome stimulation and direct help. I am much indebted to Professor C. N. R. Rao for writing a foreword to the book. I wish to thank Messrs. M. N. Chandrashekara, P. Raghavendrachar and C. C. Lakshmanan, who performed the task of proof-reading during my visit abroad. The grant of subsidy from the National Book Trust of India for the publication of the book is gratefully acknowledged. Bonga/ore February. 1979 MANAS CHANDA
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