Science Notebook for Biology

392 Pages·2006·3.85 MB·English

Biology
Consultant
Douglas Fisher, Ph.D.
About the Consultant
Douglas Fisher, Ph.D. is a Professor in the Department of Teacher
Education at San Diego State University. He is the recipient of an Interna-
tional Reading Association Celebrate Literacy Award, as well as a Christa
McAuliffe Award for Excellence in Teacher Education. He has published
numerous articles on reading and literacy, differentiated instruction, and
curriculum design as well as books, such as Improving Adolescent Literacy:
Strategies at Work and Responsive Curriculum Design in Secondary Schools:
Meeting the Diverse Needs of Students. He has taught a variety of courses in
SDSU’s teacher credentialing program as well as graduate-level courses on
English language development and literacy. He also has taught classes in
English, writing, and literacy development to secondary school students.
Copyright © by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States
Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored
in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Send all inquiries to:
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8787 Orion Place
Columbus, OH 43240-4027
ISBN-13: 978-0-07-874603-1
ISBN-10: 0-07-874603-5
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 024 11 10 09 08 07 06
Using Your Chapter 8
Science Notebook ................................vi Cellular Energy Preview .........................77
Section 8.1 ............................................78
Note-Taking Tips ..............................viii
Section 8.2 ............................................81
Chapter 1 Section 8.3 ............................................84
The Study of Life Preview .......................1
Chapter 9
Section 1.1 ..............................................2
Cellular Reproduction Preview .............87
Section 1.2 ..............................................5
Section 9.1 ............................................88
Section 1.3 ..............................................8
Section 9.2 ............................................91
Chapter 2 Section 9.3 ............................................94
Principles of Ecology Preview .............11
Chapter 10
Section 2.1 ............................................12
Sexual Reproduction and
Section 2.2 ............................................15
Genetics Preview ......................................97
Section 2.3 ............................................18
Section 10.1 ..........................................98
Chapter 3 Section 10.2 ........................................101
Communities, Biomes, and Section 10.3 ........................................104
Ecosystems Preview ................................21
Chapter 11
Section 3.1 ............................................22
Complex Inheritance
Section 3.2 ............................................25
and Human Heredity Preview ............107
Section 3.3 ............................................28
Section 11.1 ........................................108
Chapter 4 Section 11.2 ........................................111
c.
n
s, I Population Ecology Preview .................31 Section 11.3 ........................................114
anie Section 4.1 ............................................32 Chapter 12
mp Section 4.2 ............................................35
Co Molecular Genetics Preview ................117
Hill Chapter 5 Section 12.1 ........................................118
w-
a Biodiversity and Section 12.2 ........................................121
Gr
Mc Conservation Preview .............................39 Section 12.3 ........................................124
e
h Section 5.1 ............................................40 Section 12.4 ........................................127
T
on of Section 5.2 ............................................43 Chapter 13
si Section 5.3 ............................................46
divi Genetics and
Hill, a Chapter 6 Biotechnology Preview .........................131
w- Chemistry in Biology Preview ..............49 Section 13.1 ........................................132
a
Gr Section 6.1 ............................................50 Section 13.2 ........................................135
c
M
/ Section 6.2 ............................................53 Section 13.3 ........................................138
e
o
c Section 6.3 ............................................56
n
e Chapter 14
Gl Section 6.4 ............................................59
© The History of Life Preview ................141
pyright Chapter 7 Section 14.1 ........................................142
o Cellular Structure and Section 14.2 ........................................145
C
Function Preview .....................................63
Chapter 15
Section 7.1 ............................................64
Evolution Preview ..................................149
Section 7.2 ............................................67
Section 15.1 ........................................150
Section 7.3 ............................................70
Section 15.2 ........................................153
Section 7.4 ............................................73
Section 15.3 ........................................156
Table of Contents iii
Chapter 16 Chapter 24
Primate Evolution Preview ..................159 Introduction to Animals Preview .......245
Section 16.1 ........................................160 Section 24.1 ........................................246
Section 16.2 ........................................163 Section 24.2 ........................................249
Section 16.3 ........................................166 Section 24.3 ........................................252
Chapter 17 Chapter 25
Organizing Life’s Worms and Mollusks Preview ............255
Diversity Preview ...................................169 Section 25.1 ........................................256
Section 17.1 ........................................170 Section 25.2 ........................................259
Section 17.2 ........................................173 Section 25.3 ........................................262
Section 17.3 ........................................176 Section 25.4 ........................................265
Chapter 18 Chapter 26
Bacteria and Viruses Preview .............179 Arthropods Preview ..............................269
Section 18.1 ........................................180 Section 26.1 ........................................270
Section 18.2 ........................................183 Section 26.2 ........................................273
Section 26.3 ........................................276
Chapter 19
Chapter 27
Protists Preview ......................................187
Section 19.1 ........................................188 Echinoderms and Invertebrate
Section 19.2 ........................................191 Chordates Preview .................................279
Section 19.3 ........................................194 Section 27.1 ........................................280
Section 19.4 ........................................197 Section 27.2 ........................................283
c.
n
Chapter 20 Chapter 28 s, I
e
ni
Fungi Preview .........................................201 Fishes and Amphibians Preview ........287 a
p
m
Section 20.1 ........................................202 Section 28.1 ........................................288 o
C
Section 20.2 ........................................205 Section 28.2 ........................................291 Hill
w-
Section 20.3 ........................................208 Section 28.3 ........................................294 a
Gr
c
M
Chapter 21 Chapter 29 e
h
Introduction to Plants Preview ...........211 Reptiles and Birds Preview ..................297 of T
Section 21.1 ........................................212 Section 29.1 ........................................298 on
si
Section 21.2 ........................................215 Section 29.2 ........................................301 vi
di
SSeeccttiioonn 2211..34 ................................................................................221281 Chapter 30 w-Hill, a
Mammals Preview .................................305 a
Gr
Chapter 22 Section 30.1 ........................................306 Mc
/
Plant Structure and Section 30.2 ........................................309 oe
c
n
Function Preview ...................................225 e
Chapter 31 Gl
Section 22.1 ........................................226 ©
Animal Behavior Preview .....................313 ht
Section 22.2 ........................................229 g
Section 22.3 ........................................232 Section 31.1 ........................................314 opyri
Section 31.2 ........................................317 C
Chapter 23
Reproduction in Plants Preview .........235
Section 23.1 ........................................236
Section 23.2 ........................................239
Section 23.3 ........................................242
iv Table of Contents
Chapter 32
Integumentary, Skeletal, and
Muscular Systems Preview ..................321
Section 32.1 ........................................322
Section 32.2 ........................................325
Section 32.3 ........................................328
Chapter 33
Nervous System Preview .....................331
Section 33.1 ........................................332
Section 33.2 ........................................335
Section 33.3 ........................................338
Section 33.4 ........................................341
Chapter 34
Circulatory, Respiratory, and
Excretory Systems Preview .................345
Section 34.1 ........................................346
Section 34.2 ........................................349
Section 34.3 ........................................352
Chapter 35
Digestive and
c. Endocrine Systems Preview ................355
n
s, I Section 35.1 ........................................356
e
ni Section 35.2 ........................................359
a
p
m Section 35.3 ........................................362
o
C
Hill Chapter 36
w-
Gra Human Reproduction and
c
M Development Preview ...........................365
e
Th Section 36.1 ........................................366
of
n Section 36.2 ........................................369
o
visi Section 36.3 ........................................372
di
a
Hill, Chapter 37
w- Immune System Preview .....................375
a
Gr Section 37.1 ........................................376
c
M
/ Section 37.2 ........................................379
e
o
nc Section 37.3 ........................................382
e
Gl
©
ht
g
pyri
o
C
Table of Contents v
Using Your Science Notebook
Date This note-taking guide is designed to
NCaBUym oeseeuef thohlaerlv “eeuW aW Yhblhaooauta ttuI KcrKI e nKRl losnS ewion”aw t tcdh orel u“umWnhc taott lIiW suWt htaharnett e tItho iW n Fgaiasnn Wdytn o O tuou dk tF”ni ocn wodFl u aOmubuontu. ntA ccecclelsp.t tT aihlWloe rnhe alanisstto Int LhLaebe lqaeur rneesestidpoonnss es. hcoelnpt eynotu. Esaucchc ecehda pintto elore Nlaisn robnctaeilsnu-etdgadk e soisncn:gi e thnece
Cornell Note-Taking
System
K-W-L Charts
help you assess what
IombasegriSnvceei e wtnhhcaeitl eJy ooyuuoru na aarelr es mthaelrle e.nough to fit inside a cell. Describe what you think you might yayo oucuo w naaclrneetpa ttd,o yi d fkiennndot iwof yua twb, ohaunattd
Accept all reasonable responses. thyeonu a lsesaerssn ewdh.at
Cellular Structure and Function 63
Name Date c.
n
Cellular Structure and Function s, I
e
Section 7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory ni
a
p
Science Journals Main Idea Details m
o
help you make Smkinimd fSroemct iroena 1d ionfg tthhee chheaapdtienrg. sW arnitde tthher eiell uqsuterasttiioonns ctahpatti oconms. e to Hill C
connections to the 1.Accept all reasonable responses. aw-
Gr
concepts in the 2. c
M
chapter. 3. e
h
RVeovciaebwulary Use your book or dictionary to define organization. of T
n
organization orderly structure of cells in an organism o
si
New vi
Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define each term. di
cell basic unit of all living things Hill, a
cell theory theory that all organisms are made of one or more cells, which are w-
a
the basic units of life, and that all cells come from other cells Gr
c
M
Vocabulary eukaryotic cell cell with specialized structures, which include the nucleus and e/
o
other organelles c
Activities en
help you understand nucleus cell organelle that controls the cell’s activities and contains DNA © Gl
information ght
better. organelle membrane-bound structure with special functions within eukaryotic pyri
o
cells C
plasma membrane boundary that helps control what enters and leaves a cell
prokaryotic cell simple cell without specialized structures
64 Cellular Structure and Function
vi Using Your Science Notebook
Date
NSaemcoIM tnfeio aop uiannngd e 7S I tEdh.2iR,es pEaiTnp, fh.po 1perm8. P87a–l3tia1–o9s7nm0.4 a MMfuDeoDnpmpwdeicmrmahottecitrgibcatotseaoealhrerhksr tmelnnai itileopasnlchc s mb tslohunkseeiphertsfori, p easorn pfd loatatntsr igloehipntu(cahefc rrafidtgopesosoidonctm hru:ls wctgou :p il:t ahntetdla rkahteupo tat emrheeiecfolnnedote erll sem)esp;srairm mn a:strnwe e r rbiopmdplreatyro nhehgtsb aelptosoui.ranrgohsasl-ieansplonpla..taoh weherLlla o s utawata lbeibtnhipol ledehsai ldt te peha esaixaresa defpr clisat ulnhoia lciasl ndiolpnlie ,ldwai osnpperew srh ttdoeoi, od m fv ats meeocenp n eoomdhetlvflns ob sdem tlrtie eaphtershnie cmdaremrosnbi but, dro fegar eonhitnxmhe ttie the a retnahdce t inbfheoaetrnlwmpdWe aytemrhtoniietauo it k nnrhuee genb a c Aedlco iceownntrnoginsvc treipealtcdprnitee.tdissos e tnanhsnteded
DmFi eslMmuciuobdssr:aasni hceo:.Itcw Iihtcs otir sheflle eauas ti tetdmee rprbomoaesltcs atf eailfcorul nuasbstieed i con tahan tune ht sdhepe e hm m iomtoe shemspamahbsiob crmalr idanpaneeindse.ycs’s r,p i pbsareurot rsttfhea. eicTn ehps.el,a apsnmrodat e ins

h AScoecemncUllete eapoMrntis ndatgM altl hs arieenAs a doisR nuloe tIntsaZhiavdebiEen lc egee nrtlAehlv.sneirp aocolneynmlzls eeae snnt.dth ,A ettshh r eeao tplsiemlea olsienfmcg tta ihov meef lseypum lpbabessrrmtamannaeec am ebc olefelnmo btCwrbaoe.rrllrasliun etlrhea ebri enaSt mtwmreouaeucintnnu tttr ahoeie fna siinnnudsbg is dFteua nnoccft eitohsne 69
Name Date
nc. Section 7.3 Structures and Organelles (continued)
es, I Main Idea Details
ni
pa Cytoplasm and Compare the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton by defining each in the
m Cytoskeleton boxes.
o
aw-Hill C oIn f opuangdSe Eth,i sp ipn.Rf o1Er9m,1 pa–.1t i97o25n. soiner gmwahinfileculhilde c smeC olalyr tp teporrloiapacslle amisnsassm eimdsee t mathkbeer ane stfhruaipnmp peowrrotoitnerCkgin y fn otfeiorbt stwehkroeser lckfeoe otrlomlf nalionnndgg a,
cGr Graphic Organizers provide place directly porrgoavnideilnlegs an anchor for
M
he a visual format for
division of T oimrgpaonritzainngt itnhfeo rsmecatitoionn’s. oIn f oCpuaengldSel EthRS,i Estp r,ip nup.f opc1r.9t m37ua–5r1–tei97os98n. Iddneeusccnrlteibiufeysd .the part of the cdDfueiNlrnle cAtcth;ti aoss nttc o,ce roalelrn sprd eri nosrpefcoopernrsmosdedass utt;ico oct nioeo anfnoctarh i cnfeusl nlt chgteiro ocnwe ltlh’s,
a nuclear envelope double membrane that surrounds the
Hill, ribosome nheulcples umsanufacture proteins
w-
a nucleolus produces ribosomes inside the nucleus
Gr
Mc endoplasmic reticulum site of ribosome attachment; can be
/ smooth or rough
oe Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for
c transport outside the cell
n
e vacuole membrane-bound storage area within the
Gl cell
© lysosome vesicle that contains substances that
ht digest excess or worn-out organelles
g centriole structure near the nucleus that functions
opyri mitochondrion dcounrivnegr tcse flul edli vpisairotincles (sugars) into
C useable energy
chloroplast captures light energy and converts it to
chemical energy through photosynthesis
cell wall gives support to plant cells
cilia and flagella projections that allow the cell to move or
to move substances along the surface of
the cell
Cellular Structure and Function 71
Using Your Science Notebook vii
Note-Taking Tips
Your notes are a reminder of what you learned in class. Taking good
notes can help you succeed in science. The following tips will help you
take better classroom notes.
(cid:127) B efore class, ask what your teacher will be discussing in class. Review
mentally what you already know about the concept.
(cid:127) B e an active listener. Focus on what your teacher is saying. Listen
for important concepts. Pay attention to words, examples, and/or
diagrams your teacher emphasizes.
(cid:127) W rite your notes as clearly and concisely as possible. The following
symbols and abbreviations may be helpful in your note-taking.
Word or Symbol or Word or Symbol or
Phrase Abbreviation Phrase Abbreviation
for example e.g. and +
such as i.e. approximately (cid:1)
with w/ therefore (cid:1)
without w/o versus vs
(cid:127) U se a symbol such as a star (Í) or an asterisk (*) to emphasize impor-
tant concepts. Place a question mark (?) next to anything that you do
c.
not understand. s, In
e
(cid:127) Ask questions and participate in class discussion. ni
a
p
m
(cid:127) Draw and label pictures or diagrams to help clarify a concept. o
C
(cid:127) W hen working out an example, write what you are doing to solve the Hill
w-
a
problem next to each step. Be sure to use your own words. Gr
c
M
(cid:127) R eview your notes as soon as possible after class. During this time, e
h
T
organize and summarize new concepts and clarify misunderstandings. of
n
o
si
vi
di
a
Note-Taking Don’ts Hill,
w-
a
Gr
c
M
/
e
o
c
n
(cid:127) Don’t write every word. Concentrate on the main ideas and concepts. Gle
©
(cid:127) Don’t use someone else’s notes. They may not make sense. ht
g
(cid:127) Don’t doodle. It distracts you from listening actively. pyri
o
C
(cid:127) Don’t lose focus or you will become lost in your note-taking.
viii Note-Taking Tips
Name Date
The Study of Life
Before You Read
Use the “What I Know” column to list the things you know about biology. Then list the
questions you have about biology in the “What I Want to Find Out” column.
K W L
What I Know What I Want to Find Out What I Learned
c. Science Journal
n
s, I
e
ni
a
mp Animals, plants, and even bacteria and viruses are considered living things. But what do
o
C
Hill we mean when we say that an organism is a living thing? In the space below, describe two
aw- characteristics that are common to all living things.
Gr
c
M
e
h
T
of
n
o
si
vi
di
a
Hill,
w-
a
Gr
c
M
/
e
o
c
n
e
Gl
©
ht
g
pyri
o
C
The Study of Life 1
Name Date
The Study of Life
Section 1.1 Introduction to Biology
Main Idea Details
Skim Section 1 of the chapter. Write three questions that come to
mind from reading the headings and illustration captions.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define environment.
environment
New
Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to help you write the correct
vocabulary term in each blank.
adaptation is the science of life. A(n) is
c.
anything that has all the characteristics of life. All living things are n
biology s, I
e
ni
arranged in an orderly way. In other words, living things have a
p
m
o
development C
. Most living things begin as one cell. The addition Hill
w-
a
of mass is called . Over an organism’s life, natural Gr
growth c
M
e
changes, called , take place. The production of h
T
homeostasis n of
offspring, or , must occur to enable the group of o
si
vi
di
organism breeding organisms, or , to continue to exist. A living Hill, a
w-
thing also has the ability to react to a(n) from its a
Gr
organization c
M
internal or external environment. The reaction is called a e/
o
c
n
reproduction . An organism must be able to maintain its internal Gle
©
ht
conditions. If anything upsets its normal state, processes to restore g
response pyri
o
C
begin. Any inherited characteristic, or ,
species
developed in a species over time can enhance the species’ ability to
stimulus survive and produce offspring in its environment.
2 The Study of Life