Science Magazine - 14 January 2011

136 Pages·2011·17.74 MB·English

by  American Association for the Advancement of Science

14 January 2011 | $10
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CONTENTS Volume 331 Issue 6014
EDITORIAL LETTERS
125 Boosting Minorities in Science 144 Fostering Success at Community Colleges
Freeman A. Hrabowski III I. V. Zaitsev
Response
NEWS OF THE WEEK G. R. Boggs
130 New High-Tech Screen Takes Microbe Interactions Undermine Predictions
Carrier Testing to Next Level D. Raoult
>> Sci. Transl. Med. Research Article
by C. J. Bell et al. p. 121 Response
S. Telfer et al.
131 Fermilab to End Its Quest for
Higgs Particle This Year Readers’ Poll Results:
Travel Trade-Offs for Scientists
132 Transgenic Chickens Could Thwart
Bird Flu, Curb Pandemic Risk An Integrated Approach to Genome Studies
>> Report p. 223 D. K. Lahiri page 138
132 Japan Boosts Competitive Grants 147 CORRECTIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS
at Expense of Big Science
BOOKS ET AL.
133 From the Science Policy Blog
148 Fixing the Sky
134 Pint-Sized Predator Rattles the J. R. Fleming, reviewed by W. P. McCray
Dinosaur Family Tree
>> Report p. 206 149 A Vast Machine
P. N. Edwards;
135 Google Books, Wikipedia, and Science in the Age of Computer Simulation
the Future of Culturomics E. B. Winsberg, reviewed by R. C. J. Somerville
>> Research Article p. 176;
The Gonzo Scientist p. 121 EDUCATION FORUM
136 Greenhouse–Power Plant Hybrid 152 Changing the Culture of Science Education
Set to Make Jordan’s Desert Bloom at Research Universities
137 From Science’s Online Daily News Site W. A. Anderson et al.
NEWS FOCUS PERSPECTIVES
138 W hy Loneliness Is Hazardous 154 When Continents Formed
to Your Health B. Dhuime et al.
>> Science Podcast 155 A New Twist for Electron Beams
141 Did the First Cities Grow R. A. Herring
From Marshes? >> Report p. 192
142 American Geophysical Union Meeting 156 Northen Meltwater Pulses, CO2, and
Tectonic Blow Ended Mountain Building, Changes in Atlantic Convection
Fired Up Volcanoes M. Sarnthein page 148
What Heated Up the Eocene? >> Report p. 202
Snapshots From the Meeting
158 L essons from Earth’s Past
Worry But Don’t Panic Over Glacial Losses
J. Kiehl
160 Retrospective: J ohn Bennett Fenn
(1917–2010)
D. C. Muddiman
CONTENTS continued >>
COVER DEPARTMENTS
T ens of thousands of books appear in this photograph 122 This Week in Science
of the interior of the sculpture Idiom, by Matej Krén. 126 Editors’ Choice
On page 176, Michel et al. describe an even larger collection: 128 Science Staff
a 5.2-million-book corpus containing 4% of all books ever 129 Random Samples
published. Statistical analysis of this corpus makes it possible 231 New Products
to study cultural trends quantitatively. 232 Science Careers
Original sculpture (Municipal Library of Prague): Matej Krén/
Photograph: Zdene˘k Urbánek
www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 331 14 JANUARY 2011 119
CONTENTS
REVIEW 199 S upracolloidal Reaction Kinetics
of Janus Spheres
171 I n Situ Studies of Chemistry and Structure
Q. Chen et al.
of Materials in Reactive Environments
C olloidal particles that are charged on
F. (F.) Tao and M. Salmeron one side, and hydrophobic on the other,
can form chiral helices in salt solutions.
BREVIA
202 The Deglacial Evolution of North Atlantic
175 Complex Diel Cycles of Gene Expression Deep Convection
in Coral-Algal Symbiosis D. J. R. Thornalley
O. Levy et al. R adiocarbon data reveal changes in the
Rhythmically expressed genes in reef-building timing and strength of deep ocean convection
corals may be required to deal with oxidative during the last glacial termination.
stress and the coral-algal symbiosis. >> Perspective p. 156
206 A Basal Dinosaur from the Dawn of the
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Dinosaur Era in Southwestern Pangaea
176 Q uantitative Analysis of Culture R. N. Martinez et al.
Using Millions of Digitized Books Two hundred thirty million years ago, in what
J.-B. Michel et al. is now Argentina, dinosaurs could be found
L inguistic and cultural changes are revealed as the dominant carnivores or as small
through the analyses of words appearing herbivores.
in books. >> News story p. 134
>> News story p. 135; The Gonzo Scientist p. 121 211 W riting About Testing Worries Boosts
Exam Performance in the Classroom
REPORTS G. Ramirez and S. L. Beilock
A brief classroom intervention helps remove
183 A Biological Solution to a Fundamental
anxiety from the testing situation.
Distributed Computing Problem
Y. Afek et al. >> Science Podcast
M odeling of development in the fruit fl y 214 Genomic Signatures Predict
pages 155 & 192
yields an algorithm useful in designing Migration and Spawning Failure
wireless communication networks.
in Wild Canadian Salmon
186 O bservation of Half-Height K. M. Miller et al.
Magnetization Steps in Sr RuO H igh mortality of sockeye salmon in the
2 4
J. Jang et al. Fraser River is associated with signals
T he magnetic response of an exotic of metabolic and immune stress.
superconductor suggests that vortices 217 T he Structure of Human 5-Lipoxygenase
with half a quantum of fl ux are present. N. C. Gilbert
189 L ight-Induced Superconductivity S ubstitution of a destabilizing sequence has
in a Stripe-Ordered Cuprate allowed crystallization of a key enzyme of the
D. Fausti et al. infl ammatory response.
L aser pulses are used to enable coherent 220 Light-Driven Changes in Energy
transport between the copper oxide planes Metabolism Directly Entrain the
of a cuprate superconductor.
Cyanobacterial Circadian Oscillator
192 E lectron Vortex Beams with High Quanta M. J. Rust et al.
of Orbital Angular Momentum C yanobacterial circadian clock components
B. J. McMorran et al. are directly coupled to the metabolic status
Diffraction holograms are used to create of the cell through interactions with adenine
electron vortex beams that should enable nucleotides.
higher-resolution imaging. 223 S uppression of Avian Infl uenza
>> Perspective p. 155 Transmission in Genetically
page 214
195 S olvent-Free Oxidation of Primary Modifi ed Chickens
Carbon-Hydrogen Bonds in Toluene J. Lyall et al.
Using Au-Pd Alloy Nanoparticles T ransgenic birds expressing a short hairpin
L. Kesavan et al. RNA that blocks viral polymerase hinder
infl uenza transmission.
A gold- and palladium-based catalyst
can be used to oxidize toluene and form >> News story p. 132; Science Podcast
a commercially useful ester. 226 H uman Tears Contain a Chemosignal
S. Gelstein et al.
M erely sniffi ng women’s negative emotional
tears reduces sexual arousal in men.
120 14 JANUARY 2011 VOL 331 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org
CREDIT (BOTTOM): KRISTI M. MILLER
CONTENTS
SCIENCEONLINE
SCIENCEXPRESS SCIENCESIGNALING R ESEARCH ARTICLE: Carrier Testing for Severe
www.sciencexpress.org www.sciencesignaling.org Childhood Recessive Diseases by Next-Generation
T ranslational Pausing Ensures Membrane The Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment Sequencing
Targeting and Cytoplasmic Splicing 11 January issue: http://scim.ag/ss011111 C. J. Bell et al.
>> News story p. 130
of XBP1u mRNA RESEARCH ARTICLE: Activation State of the M3
K. Yanagitani et al. Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Modulates P ERSPECTIVE: Molecular Technologies
A peptide-mediated translational pause facilitates Mammalian Odorant Receptor Signaling Open New Clinical Genetic Vistas
the unconventional splicing of a messenger RNA Y. R. Li and H. Matsunami L. Jackson and R. E. Pyeritz
on the endoplasmic reticulum.
PERSPECTIVE: Autonomic Modulation P ODCAST
10.1126/science.1197142
of Olfactory Signaling L. Jackson and O. Smith
Proteome Half-Life Dynamics in R. A. Hall New genome-sequencing technologies may enable
Living Human Cells Crosstalk between neurotransmitter signaling and expansion of carrier and prenatal genetic testing.
E. Eden et al. odorant signaling may enhance the sense of smell.
In times of stress, long-lived proteins increase SCIENCEPODCAST
MEETING REPORT: Cilia 2010—The Surprise
their durability. www.sciencemag.org/multimedia/podcast
Organelle of the Decade
10.1126/science.1199784 Free Weekly Show
E. F. Smith and R. Rohatgi
Aberrant Overexpression of Satellite Repeats Scientists discussed advances in cilia biology D ownload the 14 January Science Podcast to hear
in Pancreatic and Other Epithelial Cancers and the role of cilia in development and disease. about genetically modifying chickens to curb the
D. T. Ting et al. spread of infl uenza, reducing testing anxiety through
TEACHING RESOURCE: Signaling
Noncoding RNAs transcribed from DNA repeats writing, the science of loneliness, and more.
by Neuronal Swelling
in heterochromatin are expressed at surprisingly
R. D. Fields
high levels in tumors. SCIENCEINSIDER
Physical changes associated with the electrical
10.1126/science.1200801
activity of neurons mediate intercellular signaling. news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider
KOI-126: A Triply Eclipsing Hierarchical Science Policy News and Analysis
Triple with Two Low-Mass Stars SCIENCECAREERS
J. A. Carter et al. Free Career Resources for Scientists SCIENCEONLINE FEATURE
The Kepler telescope detected a triple stellar
www.sciencecareers.org/career_magazine www.sciencemag.org/sciext/gonzoscientist/
system and reveals details of the structure
of low-mass stars. A Veterinary Scientist’s Unique Career Path THE GONZO SCIENTIST: The Science Hall of Fame
10.1126/science.1201274 S. Webb T he frequency with which names appear in books has
D .V.M.-Ph.D. Laura Richman’s discovery of a been used to create a pantheon of the most famous
2500 Years of European Climate Variability novel elephant herpesvirus led to a career scientists of the past two centuries (with video).
and Human Susceptibility in human translational medicine. >> News story p. 135; Research Article p. 176
U. Büntgen et al. http://scim.ag/fy4p5p
Variability of central European temperature
D iscovering Unsung African-American Chemists
and precipitation shows correlations with
S. Weininger and L. Gortler
some major historical changes.
The two Knox brothers had distinguished careers
10.1126/science.1197175
in chemistry at a time when that was very diffi cult
for African Americans.
SCIENCENOW http://scim.ag/ha7Vtc
www.sciencenow.org
Highlights From Our Daily News Coverage SCIENCETRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE
H ubble Confi rms Nature of www.sciencetranslationalmedicine.org
Mysterious Green Blob Integrating Medicine and Science
‘Hanny’s Voorwerp’ has been an enigma since 12 January issue: http://scim.ag/stm011211
its discovery in 2007. S CIENCE (ISSN 0036-8075) is published weekly on Friday, except the last
R ESEARCH ARTICLE: Identifi cation of an Adenylyl week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of
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www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 331 14 JANUARY 2011 121
EDITED BY STELLA HURTLEY
Infl uenza in Flight >>
Avian infl uenza is a persistent problem, directly challenging commercial
chicken producers, threatening wild bird populations, and providing a
reservoir for variants that might emerge as human pathogens. Lyall et al.
(p. 223) have taken the fi rst steps toward producing transgenic domestic
chickens that block onward transmission of infl uenza virus. An RNA “de-
coy” was made that contained the sequence for the virus’s polymerase
enzyme that is essential for replication. In infected chickens, the virus
was not able to replicate effectively enough to transmit infection, but the
chickens still died from infl uenza, so some refi nement will be needed to
make a useful disease-resistant fl ock. Nevertheless, the strategy offers
the potential for signifi cant advantages over vaccination, avoiding the
risks from strain variation, cryptic circulation, and resistance.
Watching the Restructuring proposed mechanism of enzyme inactivation its mechanism, the authors derived an algorithm
and provides a basis for the design of 5-LOX– that works effi ciently to solve the computer sci-
of Working Surfaces
specifi c inhibitors. ence problem of identifying what is known as a
The surfaces of inorganic materials can often “maximal independent set” that may prove useful
restructure if they are heated in an atmosphere in the design of wireless networks.
of reactive gases—the conditions that industrial Books, Books, and
catalysts normally encounter during use. Experi-
More Books Quantum Half-Measures
mental studies of these restructuring processes
have been challenging because many surface- The printed word has great power to enlighten, Superfl uid properties of fermionic systems stem
sensitive methods work best under high vacuum. but it is impossible for an individual person to from the pairing of the constituent fermions that
Recently, techniques have been developed that read more than a fraction of all books writ- then undergo Bose-Einstein condensation. Usual-
allow surface structure to be determined in the ten, let alone to apply quantitative methods ly, the pairs are made up of spins of opposite ori-
presence of gases with partial pressures reaching to analyze linguistic and cultural changes as entation. When such superconductors are exposed
nearly 1 atmosphere. Tao and Salmeron (p. 171) they manifest themselves in words appearing in to a magnetic fi eld, they either expel it entirely
review some of the changes that can occur in books. Michel et al. (p. 176, published online or form a lattice of vortices, each encompassing a
nanoparticles, metal surfaces, and catalysts when 16 December) performed an informatic analysis precisely quantized magnetic fl ux. However, spin
the vacuum environment is replaced with reactive of approximately 4% of all books printed rang- triplet phases observed in the exotic supercon-
gases such as nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, ing from the year 1800 to 2000 and present ductor, Sr2RuO4, have been predicted to support
and hydrogen. analyses of the evolution of grammar, obso- vortices with half the fl ux of regular vortices.
lescence of words, and which kinds of people Jang et al. (p. 186) measured the magnetization
Controlling Infl ammation become famous, when, and for how long. They of pieces of Sr2RuO4 with annular geometry and
also dissect the impact of censorship and sup- observed the formation of magnetization steps
Lipids that mediate the infl ammatory response pression, notably during the Nazi period, which of half the usual height, consistent with the pres-
are synthesized from arachidonic acid by the the authors term “culturomics.” The analysis ence of half-quantum vortices, which may help in
enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). suggests new ways to think, not only about future quantum computing applications.
An intrinsic instability of 5-LOX books and text analysis but also about culture,
has been proposed to regulate history, and the social sciences.
Toluene Transformation
its activity. Structures of related
enzymes have shown that the In addition to functioning as a solvent, the aro-
C terminus penetrates the Computer Scientists matic hydrocarbon toluene is a raw material for
enzyme so that the main chain synthesis of a variety of pharmaceuticals, cosmet-
Learn from Flies
carboxylate of the C-terminal ics, and agrichemicals. However, currently applied
residue binds the catalytic iron. Designing distributed networks of computers oxidation methods are somewhat ineffi cient and
Gilbert et al. (p. 217) identifi ed a se- that work together to solve a problem without often require corrosive conditions. Kesavan et al.
quence that probably destabilizes the orien- any single processor receiving all of the inputs or (p. 195) now show that nanoparticles composed
tation of the C terminus in 5-LOX and, observing all of the outputs represents a diffi cult of a gold and palladium mixture can catalyze
by substituting this sequence, were problem. Afek et al. (p. 183) noted the similarity the oxidation of toluene to a commercially use-
able to purify a stable enzyme and of this problem to the process of patterning of ful ester, benzyl benzoate, with high yield and
determine its crystal structure. sensory bristles on the fruit fl y. By studying the selectivity. The reaction uses O2 as oxidant and
The structure is consistent with the developmental process in the fl y and modeling proceeds in the absence of solvent.
122 14 JANUARY 2011 VOL 331 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org
CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): NORRIE RUSSELL/THE ROSLIN INSTITUTE, UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH; GILBERT ET AL.
Travelwith AAAS
This Week in Science
Harnessing Janus Behavior
Clusters of atoms or particles will behave in ways intermediate between single atoms or particles and
bulk material. Chen et al. (p. 199) designed colloidal Janus particles with a charged surface on one
half and a water-hating surface on the other. This schizoid nature caused the particles to cluster and
pack in specifi c arrangements, which could be controlled through the addition of salt. With the right
balance of forces, chiral helices formed with occasional spontaneous switch in handedness when con-
nections between neighboring particles were broken and reformed.
China’s
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The Strength of Convection
May 29–June 14, 2011
The rate of formation of deep water in the North Atlantic has a major effect on the overturning circula- Discover fascinating cultural sites
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terra cotta warriors to the feathered
fi ve deepwater sites in the North Atlantic, spanning the interval from 22 to 10 thousand years ago, to dinosaurs, Also see theDazu grottoes,
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April 24–May 1, 2011
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Beilock (p. 211) found that a brief intervention—writing about their anxiety about the upcoming
exam—helped students to do better in the exam. Perhaps by acknowledging their fears, students
were able to tame distracting emotions.
Death of the Salmon
Despite large reductions in fi sheries harvests, wild salmon stocks in Canada are suffering high levels of
BackcountryCrete
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May 2-15, 2011
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