m-;<MMB<:, : : llSllpiSlISS — i'Hiii.:l',i:iiVip.v.i.j;;!.;:„; • : ;.:.-.;;::;:'.:;.;:. ' ;::.. .•;. Science in the Subarctic F A SCIENCE SUBARCTIC Trappers, Traders, and the Smithsonian Institution jgSfHSONMJv' MAY 1 1 1993 Debra Lindsay Foreword by William W. Fitzhugh Smithsonian Institution Press Washington and London Editor: RosemarySheffield Designer:JaniceWheeler © 1993 SmithsonianInstitution Allrightsreserved PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 010099 98 87 96 95 9493 9876543x1 10 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Lindsay, Debra. ScienceintheSubarctic : trappers, traders, andtheSmithsonianInstitution / by DebraLindsay. p. cm. Includes bibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN1-56098-133-0 — — — — 1. Research Arcticregions History 19thcentury. 2.. Naturalhistory Arctic — — — regions 19thcentury. 3. SmithsonianInstitution History 19thcentury. — — — 4. NorthAmerica Descriptionandtravel 1851-1880. 5. Scientists North — America. 6. Naturalists NorthAmerica. I. Title. Q180.A6L56 1993 — 508.91 dcio 92.-19811 BritishLibraryCataloging-in-PublicationDataavailable Cover: RobertKennicottafterhisreturnfromthenorth. SmithsonianInstitution photo43604 Forpermissiontoreproduceindividualillustrationsappearinginthisbook, pleasecorresponddirectlywiththeownersoftheimages, asstatedinthepicture captions. TheSmithsonianInstitutionPressdoesnotretainreproductionrights fortheseillustrationsindividuallyormaintainafileofaddressesforphoto sources. @ Thepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofthe AmericanNationalStandardforPermanenceofPaperforPrintedLibraryMate- rialsZ39.48-1984. TO MY FAMILY