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Pr: pagation Science communication through print media Befove the iavention of printing, dissemination of ‘ideas and thoughts took place mostly trcughh hand ‘srtten manueetipt.Indida pal leaftnzmuserpteand Chinese’ writings on sill are wet knows. Modern printing technolagy had ite origin i Fonape. Geman folds th and printer fo antes Gutenberg Was ts rst Furopean to use movable type prirtire. in around 13st andals tne glode ave tor OF the piaiog press, Fis many contrbotions to. printing iaclode the Inconton ata process for mas prostcing, movable pf aik-based inky and the use oF a WoaCeN ress (Fig. 1). He combined these clemeas ig. 1 Gomer res. into a prictical system which allowed the mass pradacton of printed books seomomizally, The ase of fovable "ype ‘sus a amarked improvernent one Hendyriten manuscripl, which was. the existing snehod of silt cominuraealion iy many pars a he ‘world Science communication Science communication ean be defined a5 “soessafal ‘ssemination afscientife andtoctnological knodedse fauong a wide range of audionees incudisg non Scenes” ‘There are nurnerus examples of sHecive ence communication having browsht about social tcunge that have transformed the orld, From the (Copemicas Revaltion nthe Lawsof ermadynamies {othe Theory af Rela vit communicating sence has ison aod sll eorkimae to change the wort So flietive comrunication ut sleree is peobuhly as spt a sil let a chee ar pink ‘ada rowide a viable maxke of mass cnunisation of Biman Basu Sciewwe communication th- ove pint ww vould be Tor t peor science aulinse or the general public Scholarly syrting ines proving cette comes Aad los of tee, litle graphics, al is fecssel om Teauts, data sid interpretation “Ox the. covttry Science ‘Sting for a Much Inder audience is primal anced at disseminate inloxmaten in. no ‘echnical language ande-eating awareness. The focus facto ceslls, but faer onthe corclsions. sad Fecolamennaions, ad Social implications i sy. ‘Teooit yeas theo has bveo tremendous diversification ‘of communication media, especially with he awh of TCPbaettsy stems, whieh kas wale fonmaton ey accssible. Netwitistanding hese develeprtens, prin jonvals, migasines aml busks contucs 10 Femain highly “effective ‘media or science ‘otnanusicatan, Alough mid journals ond dats, ladevex boos aren available lire dal frm they are basieally the sletranie sersion af pith clitons Research communication CCommunistion of sienee ang scents is very Seaport foe. the uavaicement of scerce ‘ind Teebnolgy. This stall atppe'a avery etic Sd cthodical manner through teshical sei035 Symposie, provoodings snd pose vist arcs ‘ellie jourals. Wile the research ining fom inks nec tn be comratncaed fo selene aes 30 the commaar rium the vles ler sydely. Most fesetnchem comuniete tough Rscieh fours Writer pers and oer stents he respective Fils, cones! papular science comvmunienan Pail langle at ne cmon am who nt ‘evenly taveany backgoundotscerce, te syle of writing «research paper is mostly gules bythe hotsestsle' ofthe journal in‘srich tis intenced to appear. Fureist, tie modem ssientlc paper it Nigidiy stereotyped document, wih well dotized eccrions fallowne each ther, oe. Inrtistion, Methods, Results, Discussion andor Coselusion, References, together with a relatvsly fee-stancins Abstract. While such constraints undoubtedly provide fh stundardised format and make the task of wring & Feseerch paper simpli, takes ava’ rom the wer the festomta express in hivorher os style pases written fo publicstin in aeseate’ jou is primarily aimed at ncher selon ststesearcies in the Prs:pagation 17 same field, Consequently, techsival terms and expressions, equations aad mallemstical data ean he Treaty used whore novessirs. This rakes lhe ask oP ‘aresectch papor compatativelysinpler han ‘Neng popular sconce, in whieh use of teehncal jruon iss thon. A reseateh pape hast bring ot the {bjective, experimental pracece, observations, std fnferences and reults without sy unibiguy, which frukes a gocd command over the language of writing ‘anessonda prenocuist, A well-writen research paper is able 1 convey a Ist {Brough juisious use of less words. clase example js te paper an DNA strvecue by Janes Walson and Feaneis Crick published in Narre on 23 Apr] 1958. ‘vas a one-pane paper bur contained the germ of & Sle nes wos oF blechobogy aad grate that has) revaluionised the study of Biology Watsonand Crick wrote inthe page We wich 0 suggest a siculure for the sale of deoxyribonucleic sid (DNA). This svetare bes Several novel nies which hre of considerable Dielopieal importance... This stractare fa 5 helical chains each cofad round she same ans, The two chains but rat their bases) are rota ‘by a dyad perpendicular to the bre as. The novel featie of the stucture & the mani ‘whieh the two chats are held together by the purine ane pyrimidine bases. The planes ot ths Dass ae perpelculs 10 she ne ais, They ans Joined topeee in pais, sing © use Trem one Chaining hjhoen-bendedto single ae hn {heeier chain, wo tht te we ls ide by side with iden eal »-coonlinates, One ofthe pairs mathe pine sind dh others pyine for bonding thas not escaped out notice thatthe soecific Diiring we eve postlatec immediately snges E passble copying aiechanisr fir the genet materia Here the ave scientists could bring out the remenéons potential of their discovery untumbiguously in jose a Fess word inthe last sentone,schich speaks of thi ability to communieste seenge precisely and with tev the, moors professions! patter of special seidemie journals containing stercorypiea Stuctred weseach papers is not very ol it only ImaTupod ine vente century, fllawing 0 te ine fta few roto -journals of te Ray Soeiey and oxher citly leamed soils. Historically, eamy sei (Osho sere knowin as natural phiosophe's) preferred \Weidig monographs rather shan publishioa papers in jpunulstoestabtshelaim for nev knowledge. Tomeet {he cost of printing, cary: printers and publishers ‘equivedauihers ta obain sparsorship (especially Tbr expensive illustrations}, or get up als” subscribers Sho would poy" br i yam vane. ary oF (day's esearch fouruals oo, evy page chargss Fo% suthors forpublishing papers Scienlfie und medical jouraals stated ss newslelers wed a Ubsominatiag, masers of interest to the Community ard were not sxe usvely devoted 0 Fublishing fesh research, Specialised journals. fllecing the “rugmemation of science, slaried ‘ppeasns aly from the late ciahveenth century Intally “such jeumals' were mostly pudisked hy Ieamed socielies, whose leceures. and) proceeding rovided the contents Seine journals evel the stundant medi for primacy reporting of tue research aimed at meeting i nersastgpessue fF claims “or new Knowledge font a ineresing ruber of working sicatss Before the advent of computers and desktop Publishing, every research paper hie to 0 thro Fneticons pvood-read.ay aller seseting. here the ages could be seat ‘or pring. Prooreaing ws mot fly atodious process tht was time consoring, bi it ‘was ako net completely foolproal. Often fepestting mistakes went unnoticed. Asaresultauthors of had Inmuke corsetions morethan once. wich delayed the fublicatin of paper Today the situation is quite dilfeent. Authors are ruled to send error five copy of tke paper which ‘obviate the reed Tor proof mating, Some jou fever accept papers omy if submitted in the ssne Fesat the joa sprinted so hat the priatr only hs Ine camara tormakinghe pes forprining. These advances have made possible faster publication of ‘esearch papers by sieaficantlyeutting dw re timne Tag besweensecoptance and arin. Popular science communication Pee=reviewed articles ate aflen the Hirrus test of & fesearcter's success, determining tenure. of "Tandabil ty! ibs only goal of researc is toinocnee ts sate-attho-ur lngeting only ote reseache, tisn this isthe sllimate objective, Howeves, I the "esearch has tohave ny pict soe by chaning fr infineneing peliry, mere publican ee paper ht peer-reviewed journals wuld he wail iceuate Fecmuse beyond seivniiss ard academics. he 18 seaetshp of sienife jourals is efecively 20 Decisantnskers donot read thom. Nethor do the buedia-oF commutes. The language af sione jours len makes timpesebe forthe ly perso to Ancestand ie esearch. levels the mporance ot Popa selehce commuateation an the pent eda plays aruajur role here, m Poplar science writing docs not follow any standard sei Tons, THe writer baw tae comple Tiewlom i express higher sheughts ix whatever wes" heishe Teele Mu Thal is why many populler seine vertess can be identified by ther style nf writing. This Inses popular seienee commmuniation more vetted thaa research eommuricatin, There are several formats in which popular serene sorumunication through pein madi ean he came T ty be strgght artes er esay timer enor even a phot fears o- eattoon stip ig.2). Tete a Fain pers and dramatic witten on seignee themes that provide a novel and effective made af sommneating iat mea for popular seienes commenieation can be basically of cee types, eech with ils stevgths abd ‘ealancsses. Daily hews>apers eller the fastest pent icdium for coverage ef seleatfic event, but ae corstisincd by limited space availeility eusory fnverggeand ephemeral vate There litle seape a detailed discussion anany topic ina newspaper artic "Week's, fortishtly and rranthly magszines offer a heteraltemative i terms of coxerege ard treater, hha there va time lig of up to week or mors bene Sulasion ofan aracle sd is pubheation, Magazine fricles have Intemainte valve. Rooks OMe a Imtiuny Tor the most eemprohensive treatment oF & ‘Scemtti opi. Theazhe as apie wow Tot den Pr: pagation ‘deeper inte the subject and bringing out the salient Point iva moze lesurely manner than possible vith tithes a nensaper or magazine artic” Books have Tasting value Table Daily newspapers Daily newspapers are offen dhe Fist source uf news out anew scientific Uevelooment for the commen Man. icles in tewspapers news items, leatures oF florals ~ reach + wide iene aa eat generale Public debate. The print media io the form of hewspaper en thus informs the bie bout research Jpeingcrvied oul in different scientific institutions and Tbe snd help ir beter pustie understanding of te research, The sivle and format of a newspaper anile 6 markedly: dierent from an article in a scontfc Foun. In the ease of a newspaper arilo, non ust the ile pub the eas ateicon ut Ie atl self sould fe couseue-ed like an nverted py, Stting wih he mest npetent infonaton and ‘working down to ‘he individual suporsing deta While this applice more to ance tory thane afales Feat tile th logis is ipottntto andettan, ‘Unfitanately, desoite their wide reach, che specs devoted. to science in Irdian newspapers S| iabigrificant. While a few Indian newspanars publish wneskly selenve columns and have regular selene ontespondents ex science editor inthe sa items mn Scie ad teclinology pub ished mn dian newspaper mostly arebasedonpressreleasesand agency sori. ‘ow studies have beer done on coverage at sien it newspipers and its inspact on public perception of Soe. na study earied eutin 2000 by Bhar Dust ff National Insite of Selene. and K. C. Gare NISTADS, items or. science ant technolney in English-iurguage newspapers published in different pus of Tasha during January-Decemiber 1995 were nclyseu. Resulls indicate! tha the grestestProporeion St newspaper space was devoted in nucle selene tna teclma o4yelollowed by delence, space reseeeh, ind ‘sinomomy. The Pioneer. The Tien, an The Mines ef India were the “wspapers tnt together P-..pagation Adoumal of Se enee Communion 19 secounte or about 23 >etcent ofthe ttl space devoted to lenss en Scones ad toxtinolesy The sourace for most of the ateles (97 peter!) on policy ises feriginated fio within India, sehile forthe stares foreign sowees, inchulmg hove from the Unite Stats and the Untod Kingdom, also contbutod. The such indested thal on sverae, Inean newamapers cevated far less than one pore of te Lal rinse space cles and stories claed ty seience tn technology Thissuatinn reeds io be npeovee, Popular science magazines paral dy nnspa, he eof oma Corsmunication i man fold. Howevsn, fon ‘Sommail and eeenamis considerations sustinrig popu scones mguneis hens uphl tak fo the Publier. The consiain iy maily financial ‘aketsers donot onsier puta scence magazines ‘ble mela foradvertsingallnoaph the earshot 2few papa science magazines pe lan, AS 2 Teall, ost of fe popular science” magazines Palast m In ke Sconce Reporter and Fae Praga boi abled by Counc of Seni and indir) Researeh and” Ming. fesonably ange ‘aderhips, ae hevily suid Anomer fopuer ¢eience monthiy Pron 297, pubished hy gyn Fre an auonomons organsaien ander Deptt of Seine and Tediobygy iv dst tee 12 Fruerested retro il up ge crulion ad eames fee gia dan 5 event fram wy Fxeied ffem readers. Setace Too, a wel feud fopaler scence monty published by the Tnes of Tia srun, end Senet smote ily ead pabishal by Nehm Ceate pul setence ales joa nuncialuniaty Ibothtaadus close downin There area few populer seience snagezies pulls ina few rowional languages including Hind: Rengal (Ociya, Maleyalarn, Tani Telugu, Macethi, Assan, lonme fw Bu riot have meng creation tare purl subsidised, Quite we foreign popular seienoe magazines sue’ as Discover. Scieanecdmertein, rience llistraed. and New Scien are qvallable i India, 28 1s National Geograpaie magazine which ollen cares 2xcel et popalar science anieles, Buvall ae quite expensive by Indian standards aa ae besund reach of the merge Irina ved Dessite boing ore of the most effective makes of popular scienee communication for non-specialists, the zost of predic punular science magarines in ‘dla is quit high, which makes beeping thepic ow 2 dea proposion unless teavily sabato his Gonszainc eas he removed if the Indian prt stor fetes Larval" take ip push of low-priced popularscienes ragarives asses espns Popular science hooks [By their very nate, has ofr unique pat for jommuniceting papular see provided 9 na ether printnedizam in terms oF detailed treulment possible Popular scisnse books have been st the forefront of sclence poularisation for tore aa cemry Charles Darwins Tie Origen of Species, pubis in 1829, savatralsoter popular sclencecamtniation (5g 3) The book vs wren for tse reads Fg 3 Tike page of The Origin of specs, tndatracted widespread interes upan its plication. ins honk, Darwin Inioduced the sicaiie teary thet, fltns cole over te eoite of gece through « process of ratura selection It presente a body of evidence That the dversty of Tle arose iy jomranon descent ‘tough a brinching. pattem ol fevouution, Darvin includ evidence That he. sl tzkored on the Beagle expedition io te [830s sm ie Subsequent findings rom research, comrespendnce and experiments, 20 ‘The Jusiity of his text can be judged trom the invrodston hs wre for The Orig a Specter. Daria Whoa oa board HM.S. Beagle, asnaturslist Lwas ‘much stuck wih conan facts inthe diseoution Of the iahabitanss of Seuth Americ, and in the feolapial ralatiors of the present to the past Inhabitants ofthat conten, These fuels seemed ‘ometothroe some light on be erisinolspecies thot mystery of mysterss,as thas ace called by ‘oss af our greats phi osupers. On muy rel home, ture etme, om TRS thd somett ‘might perhaps be mace out an ths question by paviently acumalatns and reflecting onal sare Sifts which cauld possibly have any beaing on Te Ader tye year work | alowes niyssle to sieulate on she subject and drew up some short odes these lsnarged in 1644 ito sketch of teanclusons, which ther seenied to me probable fin chat peri tots present cy | have ste pursed ths sarse objcet. L hope thet | maybe {xcused for enterinzon these personal details a6 lslvo them to show that Tbave nat hees hasty i Somingtaadeesion In consieing The Ona of Speci, itis quite hat a naruslis, feloong. an the fens! sins “of argue ings, di tinbryelagicelrsltions, hei -goutaphice! Sacto, googie succes, an cther Sach Thetsaight come othe conclasicnthat each specs Trad not hen independents erated, ut ad Secened, The sarees tom other Spee Neverbeless, suc a conclusion, even if well Founded. woUkd be unstisiactor, intl could bo swat ow he inmaamerable species inhabiting this word! Fave been modifies so a8 0 acquire that perfection of stucuze and. co-dapaton Walch Inostjsyexeites our adm-in As Dani ws an exinont seins, hs findings wore isa seri and te exile he plese generat Sciensiic aul philosophic discssem, Bu mors Sin that it showed the poe the pried wort inchanging thomindsct of ponte {Inia einen penal ike Rabindranath Tagore, Bankier Chandea Chatlejee. Igadish Clandra Bose, Sayeniianah Bexe and) many obbets wrote excellent Popular science, Tagore Piskexe Pasar, aud Bowes iyuite are outstanding popular seienee books lat euialledsseole geneation of yourg readers n ‘Gers In rece limes ibe works of ayant V Navi, 1. Balasubvamanin, Bal PLoake, G, Venkataraman huve become bus sells, Autong noble inca Fr;pagation four oF SsenseConmnicston popular selene authors, ieonse Gamo, Ise Asino» Bhar: Clarke, Joba Cibin, Riekrd Daweh, sal Richard Feysmanhave wie ders nc, As isthe case with popalar science mazszine, the pice of fersign books ip India is usually igh, Ethough Indian roprins of many tls are mate a low pce. Io make popular science books evailuble at affable covt. several gcvernmenl agzncies have faken up popular scenes book punishing, Noble famong ther are Nalional Bok Trust, Viayan Psa Poblicatinss Division, and Natioasl Intute ‘Solenee Communion ard tnformaiion Resources (SISCAIR} a unit of the Coane! of Seiea ie ad Tnduisiial Research. Amoug. temselves_ these ‘ganisations ave brought cut excellen! poplar Sence books that have gone into several eprins Graphics in print media Tables rap, dings ar sels or plographs are esc component reset pape polar Sisos miele ore pops sckace bok pal Soop ifecrwon wed fagee ha tsb td crt ‘Shick wes noronly Gime Gomaiming bi also obuld nat frosice omer’ gia. iectmgues ol makin ‘Shan fcilusratons have uncergon sx chan {he aientofvraes copter groper se thestucacofconjher nce «bargraph orp itu titse compurs sPwate valle hat Con ‘Soi cordate tone rogted graph Before the saventofehe prosentelgital age, processing ‘of geaphies terial fe printing involved he complex find expensive method 0! blosk waking, Colour ilustatons nocess ated multiple block making that teealy increased the vast c- priming. Morenver nce Eblock was prepared tess was nn senpe of fuoulifcation —atecuctin or increase inthe ire of us ‘lystationto ft heavatlabe space in a page. Mader: teehniques of digital seanning ane. processing wave totally eliminated these eanseaits. Pha Uiggiais can bo racessed tay 3 page‘smade up lomake final moxifcatons Modern printing technology Be it daily newspapers, journals and megzzines, oF ‘ocks, printing technology has also undergone a revolution across the world. Gone ate the days of feling type 3¥ hand of mechine. ‘The ‘ditional Sysiem af galley proof and att pully we totally ltinated. Typesetting Is universally done teday on Sompater and! pages teade ip using. a variety oF Sotwate sich fs PageMaker" 7 CoraiDra Ina Publishing inuse Mike eroefeee Text atic: and stapes ave directly imported to the DP statom to age making an fing. made-up pages with text and staples ae delivered for ple making and printing ‘rintng soften camed eat a large-scale incisal process, ud an essential par of publishing and Fransaction printing. Bouks, mayezines, and nevepapers re printed teday ‘sing the fechnigue of ullse agra (Fiz. this ‘echinique th inked inage is tansferred oma uplatetoa rubber blanket, hen othe printing surface. When use fn combination wath the lthowcapie process, whieh is tased on the repulsion of oul and Wate, tbe o set Fig-4 A ndern ot pining racine technique employs a lat image easier on whish the Ftsiueto be printed oatansink mikes whe ths ronpsntingureaatracts water-based film, ksoping ths "onepenting ets inklee. Okt printing has not only tne teprincng ores aster hae 30 sgn ats inprosed the guiliy of peining, especially colour isting of popu scerce mesirnes and books Print media vs electronic media ‘while seienee comamusieasion Uiugh pein meses ‘ssid fom olde days aril ort ‘etre the spread of electronic mevta has broughiina new dimension ‘othe toehsique of selene ommisicaton. The Inemst todas" potides almost ‘nat goss to almest any kindof information nelding ‘Sele intra hat 98 ine msn canna poe Ati sce ims, however, fhe convenience of reading hata pat newspane, again or hook san prove soLavalable wih te elsonie media such as e-vadets fan ad tht olen involves seco to the Incas fevered bs ballerye exiles, constant reading the Sciesnthat Can hequix tir fortheeyes, Nonetheless. in view of the quick accesshilty the Inlemet provides comparse to ths print madi, most ai enapapers an any rssh urmals and. pop Science maygzies are today avaiable in digital form on Uhelngene “ar inmostenses the ier apa ine 21 vs fhe same as nthe pit editions. In this eespeet the etc forms can be cers nly a estes of the parted form, slthough interns of Test acecubility the clechonie indians shied Thats ly many scholarly journals as rue have advance online publication befor they actually pein prin the foumel, This gives researche” fctor acces fo new research nor possi feng prin ania Despite the faster accessibility of information ‘compares tp the print meal esearch hss shows hat comprehension especially ef popular scien, isele ‘eit printed vatehal eompates to online fading, “hugs hy Mériea Macedo-Ravct ef a, cf Methodist, Unversity nt Sto Paul, some years ago 0 detotine the effects of print and online presentations ol i multiple document repor readers comprehension, ptionoFeognitive ead salisvasion a lent fedthar utero onfine maa show poorer resell rman with pnt nears Avr expwrinrata pats ‘was used toassess readers’ performance use rita online versiors of @ popular science mavarine, The researchers. found) that Hypertex. ed higher petecived cognitive load and pootez compeeliensicn of {he comolementary documens, The result sisest Thar prosensing arazhis it long yperest seeases effort and redces text lei. te daa supported Theories of disoxienion aid eupative lose in hypormodieleaeing. Inst ay, online reading with 3 many lyperlinks em be std teats information Bverlead tha often dsircis te realr fom te rin Tepicanidreduescompretension, Conctusion Despite the spread of the Inlemet and electronic publishing, the pst: media fs keytool say as 3 powerful vehicle fer science “communcalnon ~ spect popular scence ent nkat on lor several retsons. Flectnie maa i cob boeing the poferved media For fast exchange of information, expecially scenic infarmation, and 0" cour blogging, But the convenience of reading « sisted hock or magrvin, especially popula seience oy ime tay place fsa big advantage wits pre media thatthe Sleettonis molia may nl be whe to provide, The [roving wuber of sopulr eience tiles hein >istad \Worldaide avery year and their expanding readership Dolat to the populariy of the aint media dss the Hlobal spread of tLe slecinme meta. h'may be i ‘question oF eetieg use toa new me, tat eal Tock or neces pial fea sll remgins mo omfartable and convenient ‘han tzading arsagarire Bock on a plop, iPas ar eseader. Further, reading prinlel book or magazine cas never bo interuptd hy 3 Tw oreiecinon bates! 22 Prspagation References 1. Nichols Russel, Communicating Science: 3. Dharvi Doll... Garg, Public Under standing Proisonal. Papuan Ltonarys Carebdgs: Unsery, of Seen, Vol, 9 No, 2133-140 (200), Pr NID) 4, Minica Macedo-Rouet ef a1.. Seience 2. JD, Watson, EULC. Crick, Nature 171, 737-738" Cammunicatian Wol 28 no. 296-128 3008). (1953) Biman Basu. tied sce the Cane of Scent und Indu Regeaeh, se tng br ofthe Popular sient monly Scene Raporer es 8 ete othe 194 NCSTC Nan wend ov “Hes ETc tues hs The are trae than npr sence Bn a wes ein farina magne Hmantnctaa a