Science between Europe and Asia: Historical Studies on the Transmission, Adoption and Adaptation of Knowledge PDF
Preview Science between Europe and Asia: Historical Studies on the Transmission, Adoption and Adaptation of Knowledge
SCIENCE BETWEEN EUROPE AND ASIA BOSTON STUDIES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Editors ROBERTS.COHEN,BostonUniversity JU¨ RGENRENN,MaxPlanckInstitutefortheHistoryofScience KOSTASGAVROGLU,UniversityofAthens EditorialAdvisoryBoard THOMASF.GLICK,BostonUniversity ADOLFGRU¨ NBAUM,UniversityofPittsburgh SYLVANS.SCHWEBER,BrandeisUniversity JOHNJ.STACHEL,BostonUniversity MARXW.WARTOFSKY†,(Editor1960–1997) VOLUME275 Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5710 SCIENCE BETWEEN EUROPE AND ASIA Historical Studies on the Transmission, Adoption and Adaptation of Knowledge Edited by FEZA GÜNERGUN Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey and DHRUV RAINA Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India 1 3 Editors FezaGu¨nergun DhruvRaina DepartmentoftheHistoryofScience SchoolofSocialSciences FacultyofLetters JawaharlalNehruUniversity IstanbulUniversity 110067NewDelhi 34134Istanbul India Turkey [email protected] [email protected] ISSN0068-0346 ISBN978-90-481-9967-9 e-ISBN978-90-481-9968-6 DOI10.1007/978-90-481-9968-6 SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork #SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2011 Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorby anymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recordingorotherwise,withoutwritten permissionfromthePublisher,withtheexceptionofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeof beingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScienceþBusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Contents Introduction................................................ 1 FezaGünergunandDhruvRaina PartI OnTechnologies ReflectionsontheTransmissionandTransformationofTechnologies: Agriculture,PrintingandGunpowderbetweenEastandWest.......... 13 ChristopherCullen TheOttomanEmpireandtheTechnologicalDialogueBetweenEurope andAsia:TheCaseofMilitaryTechnologyandKnow-Howinthe GunpowderAge............................................. 27 GáborÁgoston GeneralObservationsontheOttomanMilitaryIndustry,1774–1839: ProblemsofOrganizationandStandardization..................... 41 KahramanS¸akul CulturalAttitudesandHorseTechnologies:AViewonChariots andStirrupsfromtheEasternEndoftheEurasianContinent.......... 57 NannyKim PartII OnMaps,AstronomicalInstruments,ClocksandCalendars Patchwork–TheNormofMapmakingPracticesforWesternAsia inCatholicandProtestantEuropeAsWellAsinIstanbulBetween 1550and1750? ............................................. 77 SonjaBrentjes TheOttomanAmbassador’sCuriosityCoffer:EclipsePrediction withDeLaHire’s‘‘Machine’’CraftedbyBionofParis............... 103 FezaGünergun v vi Contents TheClockmakerFamilyMeyerandTheirWatchKeepingthe allaturcaTime.............................................. 125 AtillaBir,ŞinasiAcar,andMustafaKaçar TheAdoptionandAdaptationofMechanicalClocksinJapan ......... 137 TakehikoHashimoto AdoptionandResistance:ZhangYongjingandAncientChinese CalendricalMethods ......................................... 151 PingyiChu PartIII OnLocalizing,AppropriatingandTranslatingNewKnowledge TravellingBothWays:TheAdaptationofDisciplines,ScientificTextbooks andInstitutions ............................................. 165 DhruvRaina BetweenTranslationandAdaptation:TurkishEditions ofGanot’sTraite´............................................ 177 MeltemAkbas¸ EclecticismandAppropriationoftheNewScientificMethods bytheGreek-SpeakingScholarsintheOttomanEmpire.............. 193 ManolisPatiniotis PartIV OnMedicineandMedicalPractices ConveyingChineseMedicinetoSeventeenth-CenturyEurope.......... 209 HaroldJ.Cook AdoptionandAdaption:AStudyofMedicalIdeasandTechniques inColonialIndia ............................................ 233 DeepakKumar HowElectricityEnergizestheBody:ElectrotherapeuticsanditsAnalogy ofLifeintheJapaneseMedicalContext.......................... 245 AkikoIto Whatis‘Islamic’inIslamicMedicine?AnOverview................. 259 HormozEbrahimnejad Index..................................................... 271 Contributors S¸inasiAcar FacultyofArts,AnadoluUniversity,Eskis¸ehir,Turkey Ga´borA´ goston DepartmentofHistory,GeorgetownUniversity,Washington, DC,USA,[email protected] MeltemAkbas¸ DepartmentoftheHistoryofScience,FacultyofLetters, IstanbulUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey,[email protected] AtillaBir FacultyofElectricsandElectronics,IstanbulTechnicalUniversity, Istanbul,Turkey,[email protected] SonjaBrentjes DepartmentofPhilosophyandLogic,UniversityofSeville, Seville,Spain,[email protected] PingyiChu InstituteofHistoryandPhilology,AcademiaSinica,Taipei, Taiwan,[email protected] HaroldJ.Cook JohnF.NickollProfessor,HistoryDepartment,Brown University,Providence,RI,USA,[email protected] ChristopherCullen NeedhamResearchInstitute,Cambridge,UK; DarwinCollege,Cambridge,UK,[email protected] HormozEbrahimnejad FacultyofHumanities,UniversityofSouthampton, Southampton,UK,[email protected] FezaGu¨nergun DepartmentoftheHistoryofScience,FacultyofLetters, IstanbulUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey,[email protected] TakehikoHashimoto DepartmentofHistoryandPhilosophyofScience, UniversityofTokyo,Tokyo,Japan,[email protected] AkikoIto DepartmentofWorldLanguagesandInternationalStudies, MorganStateUniversity,Baltimore,MD,USA,[email protected] MustafaKac¸ar DepartmentoftheHistoryofScience,FacultyofLetters, IstanbulUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey,[email protected] vii viii Contributors NannyKim InstituteofChineseStudies,CenterofEastAsianStudies, HeidelbergUniversity,Heidelberg,Germany,[email protected] DeepakKumar ZHCES,JawaharlalNehruUniversity,NewDelhi,India, [email protected] ManolisPatiniotis FacultyofPhilosophyandHistoryofScience,Athens University,Athens,Greece,[email protected] DhruvRaina SchoolofSocialSciences,JawaharlalNehruUniversity, NewDelhi,India,[email protected] _ _ KahramanS¸ akul DepartmentofHistory,IstanbulS¸ ehirUniversity,Istanbul, Turkey,[email protected] About the Contributors S¸inasi Acar received hisM.Sc. degree inIstanbulTechnical University(ITU), FacultyonElectricandElectronicsin1962.Thereafterheheldpositionsinthe industry and acted as the Director General of the Eston Company and the Zeytinog˘lu Holding in Eskis¸ehir between 1992–99. He worked as board member anddirector oftheNesim Foundationbetween1984and2003.Heis currently teaching the art of calligraphy in Eskis¸ehir Anadolu University, Faculty of Fine Arts. He is the author of books and articles on the art of calligraphy,localhandicrafts,historyofartandtechnologyinTurkey. Ga´bor A´ goston is associate professor in the Department of History at Georgetown University, Washington, DC. His research focuses on early modern Ottoman military, economic and social history, and the comparative studyoftheOttoman,HabsburgandRussianempires.HeistheauthorofGuns fortheSultan:MilitaryPowerandtheWeaponsIndustryintheOttomanEmpire (2005;Turkish,German,andArabiceditions,2006,2010),whichchallengesthe sweepinggeneralizationsofEurocentricandOrientalistscholarshipregarding Ottoman and Islamic societies. His latest book is the Encyclopedia of the OttomanEmpire(2009),whichheco-authoredwithBruceMasters. Meltem Akbas¸ is a postdoctoral research assistant at the Istanbul University, Department of the History of Science. She completed her M.A thesis in 2002 andPh.D.thesisin2008atthesamedepartment.Herdissertationsfocusedon the reception of Einstein’s relativity theory in Turkey and the institutionalization of physics in the Ottoman Empire in 19th century, respectively. Her research interests are the history of physics in Turkey and theOttomanEmpireinnineteenthandearlytwentiethcentury,particularlythe roleoftextbooksandofphysicseducationinappropriatingnewknowledge. AtillaBirreceivedhisB.Sc.andM.Sc.degreesinT.H.Karlsruhe–Electronics, Karlsruhe,Germanyin1966.HecompletedhisPh.D.attheElectricalFaculty in Istanbul Technical University (ITU) in 1975. He served as professor of ‘system and control engineering’ in ITU between 1989 and 2007. His research areas are Linear Control Systems Theory and Design, Multivariable ix
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