Science and Technology of Mesoscopic Structures PDF
Preview Science and Technology of Mesoscopic Structures
s. Namba· C. Hamaguchi· T. Ando (Eds.) Science and Technology of Mesoscopic Structures With 272 Illustrations Springer Japan KK SUSUMU NAMBA Professor Emeritus of Osaka University Professor of Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, 536 Aba-machi, Nagasaki, 851-01 Japan CmmRO HAMAGUCm Professor Department of Electronic Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita City, Osaka, 565 Japan TSUNEYA ANDO Professor Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-22-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106 Japan ISBN 978-4-431-66924-1 Printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Science and technology of mesoscopic structures/S. Namba, C. Hamaguchi, T. Ando, eds. p. cm. IncIudes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-4-431-66924-1 ISBN 978-4-431-66922-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-66922-7 1. Mesoscopic phenomena (Physics)-Congresses. 2. Tunneling (Physics)-Congresses, 3. Semiconductors-Design and construction-Congresses. 4. Nonlinear optics-Congresses. 1. Namba, Susumu, 1928- . Il. Hamaguchi, Chihiro, 1937- . III. Ando, Tsuneya, 1945- . QC176.8.M46S25 1992 530.4' 1-dc20 92-30098 © Springer Japan 1992 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1992 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1992 This work is subject to copyright. Ali rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concemed, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcast ing, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Asco Trade Typesetting Ltd., Hong Kong Preface The International Symposium on the Science and Technology of Mesoscopic Structures was held at Shin-Kohkaido in Nara from November 6-8, 1991. The symposium was sponsored by the International Institute for Advanced Study and partly by Nara Prefecture, Nara City, Nara Convention Bureau, and the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan, as well as industrial organizations. We would like to acknowledge the support of the symposium by these or ganizations. The scope of the symposium was planned by the organizing committee to cover outstanding contributors in the fields of (1) ballistic transport, (2) electron wave guides and interference effects, (3) quantum confinement effects, (4) tunneling phenomena, (5) optical nonlinearity, and (6) fabrication technology of meso scopic structures. Twenty-six invited speakers were selected from the United States, Europe, and Japan. In addition twenty-four contributed papers were accepted for presentation at the poster session. These papers are included in the proceedings. We are grateful to the organizing committee, Ms. Y oshiko Kusaki of the Inter national Institute for Advanced Study for the secretarial service, and Dr. Nobuya Mori, Osaka University, for his scientific cooperation. Thanks are also due to the authors and the participants for their contributions to a successful symposium. SUSUMU NAMBA CHIHIRO HAMAGUCHI TSUNEYA ANDo v Opening Address Ladies and Gentlemen, On behalf of the organizing committee, I am happy to welcome you to the Interna tional Symposium on the Science and Technology of Mesoscopic Structures, spon sored by the International Institute for Advanced Study. First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to all of you who have contributed to this symposium. In particular I would like to thank the invited speakers who kindly agreed to present their interesting work at this symposium. It is a great honor for the organizing committee to have two winners of the Nobel Prize here as invited speakers. They are Dr. Leo Esaki and Professor Dr. Klaus von Klitzing. They have contributed a great deal to the initial development in the field of mesoscopic physics in semicon ductors and are now playing a very important role in this area. The technical program of the symposium covers a wide range of meso scopic science. The topics covered and emphasized by the present symposium include: (1) ballistic transport, (2) electron waveguides and interference effects, (3) quan tum confinement effects, (4) tunneling phenomena, (5) optical nonlinearity, and (6) fabrication technology of mesoscopic structures. Twenty-six invited speakers, who are known to be most active in each of these fields, were selected from all over the world. In addition to these invited talks we received twenty-four con tributed papers which were all original, covering very recent progress in the field of meso scopic science. These contributed papers will be presented at the poster session. Finally I would like to talk about Nara in ancient times. We say that Nara is our cradle, because the oldest capital of Japan was built in Nara. Japanese culture started to grow in the 7th century when Buddhism was introduced to Japan. In addition to Buddhism many kinds of goods were brought to Nara through the Silk Road and Nara is known to be the east end of the Silk Road. When you visit museums and temples in Nara you will see many of these goods and how the Japanese culture was affected not only by Chinese culture but also by the Persian culture. In the year 607 Prince Shotoku built Horyuji Temple in Nara, and this still exists today as the oldest wooden building in the world. We decided to hold this symposium in November in Nara because a most famous exhibition is held in Nara during this period. The exhibition is called Shohsoin-ten and it displays the Emperor's treasures, including much of the Silk Road collection. It is a great pleasure for us to provide you with a chance to see the Shohsoin-ten at the Na- VII VIII Opening Address tional Museum of Nara. The museum is close to our conference hall, being only five minutes walk from here. I would like to conclude by wishing us all an exciting and fruitful symposium which will contribute to further developments in the field of meso scopic science. SUSUMU NAMBA (Chairman) Professor Emeritus Osaka University Foreword The international symposium, "Science and Technology of Mesoscopic Struc tures", was held in the city of Nara, the ancient capital of Japan, under the aus pices of the International Institute for Advanced Studies (lIAS). lIAS was established in Japan in 1984 as a non-profit organization, a legal entity recognized by Japanese law, with the strong support of Japanese industry, acade mia, and the national and prefectural governments. Its prime objective is to create and develop new interdisciplinary scientific approaches that can deal with prob lems which could threaten human existence in the 21st century. Scientific and technological advances have given many of the nations of the world rich material cultures, but they also have produced grave problems that are closely related to the crises currently facing human existence in this last decade of the 20th century, and that will continue into the next century. These problems include the drastic depletion of natural resources, pollution of the global environ ment, and a decline in ethics. It is imperative that we now pursue research that will lead to the solution of these problems and to the benefit and well-being of future humanity. The fundamental concept on which all lIAS activities are based determines what should be studied and striven for to ensure the well-being offuture human society. Not only will topics indispensable for the enrichment of human life be selected for research, but research strategies will be also developed that will be directed toward solving the pervasive problems that face humankind. From these strategies will come new directions in scientific research and novel concepts that will contribute to the development of world culture. The lIAS research-residential complex, Scholars' Village, will be completed in the summer of 1994 in the Kansai Culture and Science City, which is under con struction in the Keihanna area. This area was the center of historic Japanese culture, and is now a new urban zone where the modem prefectures of Kyoto, Osaka, and Nara meet. The Kansai Culture and Science City is a unique center designed to facilitate research on aspects of culture and in the sciences that will produce benefits for human society world-wide. The lIAS complex will be the central research facility of this new international cultural and scientific capital of Japan. liAS Scholars' Village is to be a place for free and far ranging creative thinking; it is not designed to be an experimental facility. Its main objectives are: o To establish new systems of knowledge and concepts of basic research that go beyond existing systems and concepts. IX X Foreword o To respond with flexibility to scientific developments and to changes in the direction of world society. o To determine what forms partnerships between industry and science should take, and to collaborate with industry in the realization of these partnerships. In keeping with the basic purpose ofIIAS and the goals of its Scholars' Village, the research undertaken will be varied, and will be planned to incorporate parallel activities which will include the education of outstanding young researchers and collaboration between the natural and the social sciences. The kinds of research to be done at the Scholars' Village will be thematic, basic, independent, and special research. In addition, there will be related activities including periodic meetings (symposia and workshops), study groups (advanced research seminars and train ing courses), public lectures and publications (proceedings, monographs, annual reports, etc.). For thematic research, projects will be chosen from a large array of possible research themes and will be supported for a specified period of time. As a rule, a project will last 3 years (including preparation time). The first research theme undertaken when the Scholars' Village opens will be in the area of theoretical life sciences. Topics include: (1) Brain science, (2) genes and evolution, and (3) biodi versity. The basic research will be characterized by broadly based long-term re search projects in the fundamental natural and social sciences, which will comple ment and support the thematic research and other research activities of IIAS, and will include mathematical and philosophical investigations. The independent re search is designed for eminent scholars world-wide, who will be invited to work at the Village for specific periods. Their interaction with other researchers in resi dence is expected to greatly stimulate all the institute's research activities. Special research is to be undertaken when topics calling for further investigation emerge from the results of thematic, basic, and independent research projects. As mentioned above, IIAS organizes various international symposia and scien tific exchange-programs. In the past six years, more than ten international sympo sia, covering topics in newly developing areas in the biological sciences, basic physics, and information science, have been held under IIAS auspices. Interna tional meetings on fundamental problems in human sciences and interdisciplinary areas in the natural and social sciences have also been held under IIAS auspices. In 1988, an international symposium in the area of basic physics, "Fluctuation and Relaxation in Condensed Phase-Disordered Systems, Fractals and Biological Materials", was held. In 1992, an international workshop, "Mathematical Ap proaches to Fluctuation in Astronomy, Physics and Biology" and an international seminar, "Frontiers of Nuclear Spectroscopy" will be held under IIAS, auspices. Mlcmo OKAMOTO Director International Institute for Advanced Studies Contents Preface ......................................................... V Opening Address ................................................. VII Foreword ....................................................... IX List of Contributors .............................................. XVII Historical View of Mesoscopic Physics 1 The Evolution of Semiconductor Superlattices and Other Quantum Structures LEO ESAKJ .................................................... 3 2 Mesoscopic Physics of Small Metallic Particles RYOGO KUBO ................................................. 22 Quantum Fluctuations and Interferences 3 Probing Spin-Glass Configurations with Mesoscopic Conductance Fluctuations PAUL G.N. DE VEGVAR, LAURENT P. LEVY, and TED A. FULTON 33 4 Coherent Ballistic Transport in Micro-Junctions: Quenching, Fluctuations, and Chaos HAROLD U. BARANGER, RODOLFO A. JALABERT, and A. DOUGLAS STONE 44 5 Quasi-Particle Interferometer Controlled by Andreev Reflection HAYATO NAKANO and HIDEAKI TAKAYANAGJ ....................... 62 6 Conductance Oscillations in Quantum Wires with a Stub Structure KJMIHJSA AIHARA, MASAFUMJ YAMAMOTO, and T AKASHI MJZUTANI 68 7 Sub-Quantum-Limit Electron Interferometers MASAHIRO KITAGAWA and MASAHITO UEDA ....................... 75 8 Phase Velocity Tuning in Quantum Point Contacts SHINGO KATsuMoTo, NAOKATSU SANO, and SHUN-JeHI KOBAYASHI 81 XI XII Contents 9 Analysis of Hall Resistance Anomalies with Wave Mechanics KIYOSHI KAWAMURA, HIROYUKI SAWANO, and TSUYOSHI UETA 87 10 Green's Function in Magnetic Fields TSUYOSHI UETA ............................................... 93 11 Electronic Transport in a Quasi-Ballistic Narrow Wire Confined by Split Metal Gates KOJI ISHIBASHI, YOSHINOBU AOYAGI, SUSUMU NAMBA, YUICHI OCHIAI, and MITSUO KA WA BE .......................................... 10 1 12 Conductance Fluctuations in Quantum Wires: Effects of Strong Spin-Orbit Interaction TSUNEY A ANDO ............................................... 107 Quantum Transport 13 Mesoscopic Phenomena in Magnetotransport Measurements on Two-Dimensional Systems KLAUS VON KLITZING .......................................... 115 14 Effect of Scattering on Ballistic Transport in GaAs/GaAIAs Heterostructures: Magnetotransport in Anti-Dot Lattice JUNNICHI T AKAHARA, KENJI GAMO, SUSUMU NAMBA, and KAZUO MURASE ............................................... 128 15 Transport in Quasi-Ballistic Quantum Wires and Rings KHALED ISMAIL ............................................... 135 16 Lateral Electronic Superlattices on Semiconductors JORG P. KOTTHAUS ............................................ 142 17 Electron Scattering Experiments in Mesoscopic Conductors MICHAEL L. ROUKEs, KENNETH SHEPARD, and BART P. VAN DER GAAG ........................................ 155 18 Quantum Wires: From Ballistic Conduction to Fluctuations TSUNEY A ANDO, HIROYUKI TAMURA, and HIROSHI AKERA ............ 178 19 Magnetophonon Resonances in Quantum Wires NOBUYA MORI, HIDEKI MOMOSE, and CHIHIRO HAMAGUCHI 194 20 Spin-Dependent Nonlocal Quantum Transport Influenced by Gate Voltage in GaAs/ AlGaAs Wires KAZUHITO TSUKAGOSHI, KENICHI OTO, SADAO T AKAOKA, KAZUO MURASE, YUKIHIKO TAKAGAKI, KENJI GAMO, and SUSUMU NAMBA ............................................... 199
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