Table Of Content

How unconscious biases can Hydrodynamics emerges in Global shifts in coastal skew forensic science spin chains wetlands p. 686 pp. 699, 716, & 720 p. 744 $15 13 MAY 2022 science.org HUMAN CELL ATLAS Mapping cell identity across tissues and organs pp. 695 & 711–713 AAAS DAVID AND BETTY HAMBURG AWARD FOR SCIENCE DIPLOMACY SUBMIT A NOMINATION TODAY Deadline June 30, 2022 PHOTOCREDIT:DIRCO TheAAAS David and Betty HamburgAward for 2016 WINNER Science Diplomacyrecognizesanindividualor alimitednumberofindividualsworkingtogether Minister Naledi Pandor,Ph.D. inthescientificandengineeringorforeignaffairs SouthAfrican Minister of communitieswhoaremakinganoutstanding International Relations contributiontofurtheringsciencediplomacy. and Cooperation Overthepast30years,AAAShashonoredan Recognizedforusingscienceand internationalcadreofscienceluminariesfortheir technologytosupportdevelopmentin contributionstointernationalscientificcooperation SouthAfricaandsub-SaharanAfrica. andsciencediplomacy.In 2021,the award was renamed after David and Betty Hamburgto Winners will receive: recognizetheirunparalleledcommitmenttothe significantroleofsciencediplomacytoadvance • Monetaryprizeof$10,000 • Commemorativeplaque science,humanrights,peace,andcooperation. • Worldwidepromotionoftheirachievements •Theawardisopentoallregardlessof throughAAAScommunicationchannels, includingAAASpublications,membernews, nationalityorcitizenship. website,andsocialmedia •Weacceptself-nominations. • Complimentaryregistrationtothe 2023AAASAnnualMeeting •Nomineesmustbelivingatthetime • Reimbursementfortravelandhotelexpenses oftheirnomination. toattendtheAAASAnnualMeeting • Theopportunitytopublishin Science&Diplomacy To learn more, visit aaas.org/awards/science-diplomacy/about AAASgratefullyacknowledgesCarnegieCorporationofNewYorkfortheir generoussupporttolaunchtheAAASDavidandBettyHamburgAwardfor ScienceDiplomacyandtheindividualsandfoundationswhosecontributions havebegunanendowmentthatwillallowustosustainitinperpetuity. 0513Product.indd 666 5/5/22 7:36 AM CALL FOR PAPERS BioDesignResearchisaSciencePartnerJournalpublishedinaffiliationwithNanjingAgriculturalUniversity(NAU) and distributed by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). BioDesign Research publisheshighqualitybreakthroughresearch,reviews,editorials,andperspectivesfocusingoninsilicobiosystems design,geneticorepigeneticmodifications,andgenomewritingorrewritinginanyorganism. SubmityourresearchtoBioDesignResearchtoday! Learnmoreatspj.sciencemag.org/bdr TheSciencePartnerJournals(SPJ)programwasestablishedbytheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience(AAAS),the non-profit publisher of the Science family of journals.The SPJ program features high quality,online-only,editorially independent open- accesspublicationsproducedincollaborationwithinternationalresearchinstitutions,foundations,fundersandsocieties.Throughthese collaborations,AAASexpandsitseffortstocommunicatesciencebroadlyandforthebenefitofallpeoplebyprovidingatop-tierinternational researchorganizationwiththetechnology,visibility,andpublishingexpertisethatAAASisuniquelypositionedtoofferastheworld’slargest generalsciencemembershipsociety. Learnmoreatspj.sciencemag.org @BioDesignR @SPJournals ARTICLE PROCESSING CHARGES WAIVED UNTIL 2022 0513Product.indd 667 5/5/22 7:50 AM Advertorial The POSTECH team (left to right): Jun Sung Kim, Jonghwan Kim, Jong Kyu Kim, Moon-Ho Jo, Gil-Ho Lee The future of new materials at POSTECH Since the Pohang University of Science and Technology in South Korea, commonly Putting a new spin on magnets called POSTECH, opened its doors in 1986, materials science and engineering research Condensed matter physicist Jun Sung Kim works in the Center for Artificial Low has been pivotal to its academic mission. POSTECH has eight institutes dedicated to Dimensional Electron Systems, where he focuses on researching the novel properties materials research whose work regularly appears in top academic journals, and the of 2D vdW magnets. faculty there are passionate about generating breakthroughs that transform how new Kim explains that these topological materials, whose electronic bands are technologies are developed. described as “twisted,” are currently one of the most interesting material classes. The impact of POSTECH’s materials research has the potential to transform Topological materials have become important in spintronic applications, in which everyday life, from the development of lighter, more energy-efficient and less the electron’s spin information is used rather than simply its charge information, expensive electronic devices to a reimagining of how we tackle human disease. explains Kim. It is expected that spintronics research will lead to the development of Materials scientist Moon-Ho Jo is the director of the Center for Epitaxial van der electronic devices that have increased data storage capabilities and faster processing Waals Quantum Solids at POSTECH (1), a part of South Korea’s Institute for Basic speeds but consume less power—a change that will help reduce energy consumption Science (IBS) that is dedicated to exploring new types of atomically thin van der Waals worldwide and put the use of computing technologies on a more environmentally (vdW) materials. sustainable path. “We believe that novel properties in a new class of magnets could At Jo’s center, researchers will be looking to create novel classes of vdW materials provide breakthroughs for developing faster, nonvolatile, and more energy-efficient to serve as platforms for next-generation quantum technologies. He explains that two- information technology,” he says. dimensional (2D) vdW materials are layered and can be stacked in different ways to Jo’s research led to a recent paper published in Nature (2), which describes H C form solids with new material properties, ranging from insulators and semiconductors his team’s discovery that the magnetic semiconductor Mn3Si2Te6 exhibits OSTE tsoo lsidesm, iwmheetarels t haenidr csurypsetracl olantdtuiccetso rasn. d“I shyamvem seetrt ioeus ta troe carretaiftieci halelyte mrooeuplidteadxi awl ivthd Wat omic umnapgrneecteodreensitsetdalny claer (gCeA aMnRg)u, dlaure m toa gitnse utonrieqsuies tianntecrep, loafyt ebne tcwaelleend tcooplooslosgailc aanl geulelacrt ronic URTESY OF P O precision, and can be translated for use in real-life devices,” he says. structure and magnetism. “We hope that our series of discoveries on new topological O: C OT H P 0513Product.indd 668 5/5/22 7:36 AM Produced by the Science(cid:6)(cid:10)(cid:10)(cid:10)(cid:5)(cid:4)(cid:19)(cid:15)(cid:7)(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:14)(cid:4)(cid:16)(cid:15)(cid:8)(cid:17)(cid:18)(cid:7)(cid:20)(cid:18)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:11)(cid:9)(cid:2)(cid:1)(cid:0) van der Waals magnets will provide a material platform to investigate the rich Last year, Kim’s team was also featured in a leading journal (5) when they proposed topological aspects of two-dimensional magnets and their functionalities for next- a way to efficiently produce hydrogen fuel via water electrolysis using cheap and generation electronics or spintronics,” he says. readily available nickel as an electrocatalyst. “This research is significant in that it provides the scholarly foundation for high performance and commercialization of a Optoelectronic devices sustainable hydrogen energy conversion system,” explains Kim. Researcher Jonghwan Kim leads a group (3) at POSTECH’s Laboratory of Optoelectronics Materials and Devices. For him and his team, vdW materials provide Diving deeper into physical properties exciting opportunities to explore new optical science and technology developments. Researchers at POSTECH combine a passion to create real-life applications for their The crystal structure of these research with a fundamental desire semiconductors is composed of a single or Researchers at POSTECH to better understand how our natural just a few atomic layers, making them the world performs. Physicist Gil-Ho Lee thinnest form of 2D materials in nature, he combine a passion to (6) leads a quantum nanoelectronics says. They have high light absorption and lab at POSTECH. His research focuses create real-life applications emission properties and can be flexibly and on experimental studies on quantum precisely stacked to create new materials. for their research with devices based on vdW materials, Kim’s research team recently developed including graphene, superconductors, a fundamental desire to a deep-ultraviolet (DUV) light-emitting diode and topological and magnetic materials. (LED) using a new material. This DUV LED Lee analyses the quantum behaviour better understand how our was designed to emit UV light at a short of devices made of these materials and wavelength of 200 nm–280 nm, which could natural world performs. measures their electrical properties potentially be used to destroy disease in at low temperatures, to determine the human body. The team used hexagonal how these lessons could inform the boron nitride (hBN), which is a vdW layered material like graphite, to fabricate an LED development of computing or sensors at the nano level. He says: “As the field of device that emits strong UV light. electromagnetism in physics opened up the field of electrical engineering, so I hope “Throughout history, there have been many examples of new materials enabling quantum mechanics will open up the field of so-called quantum engineering.” groundbreaking change in real life,” says Kim. In the future, Kim looks forward to Recently, Lee’s team, together with collaborators, developed quantum sensors for the possibility of applying the technology in human health care to tackle dangerous microwave and infrared lights. This work, in which they proposed using graphene- viruses, such as COVID-19, by sterilizing these pathogens using a shortwave length of based quantum sensors to exploit graphene’s minute electronic heat capacity, was UV light that has a low level of skin penetration and is less harmful to the human body. published in leading international journals (7, 8). “This research is a good example of how a fundamental understanding of quantum materials can be used for sensor Next-generation electronics applications,” explains Lee. Based in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at POSTECH, Jong Kyu Together with his colleagues across POSTECH, Lee is looking for answers that could Kim leads a cutting-edge team focused on researching materials breakthroughs that help researchers understand the quantum physics of nanodevices and how these could support the development of more electronic devices based on 2D materials. solutions could support us in meeting some of the greatest challenges facing society. Kim is focusing on advancing our understanding of the growth mechanism of hBNs by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), which he expects will be a References 1. Center for Epitaxial van der Waals Quantum Solids, https://dmpl.postech.ac.kr. step toward developing the production of high-quality hBN building blocks for use 2. J. Seo et al., Nature 599, 576–581 (2021). in a variety of silicon-based electronic devices (4). “Recently, an hBN layer was 3. Kim Group at POSTECH, Optoelectronic Devices and Materials Laboratory, https://jhklab.weebly.com. 4. H. Jeong et al., Scientific Reports 9, 5736 (2019). successfully grown on a 2-inch, high-electron-mobility transistor, and it performed 5. J. Kim et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143, 1399–1408 (2021). well,” he says. 6. G.-H. Lee Lab, POSTECH, http://ghleelab.postech.ac.kr. 7. G.-H. Lee et al., Nature 586, 42–46 (2020). Kim is confident that hBN could become a new material platform for supporting 8. E. D. Walsh et al., Science 372, 409–412 (2021). the development of smaller, faster, and cheaper electronic devices, and could help to Sponsored by overcome the current scaling limitation of silicon-based devices. “2D materials with a thickness of just a few nanometers could replace current electronic devices, while showing a higher performance and offering additional functionality.” 0513Product.indd 669 5/5/22 7:36 AM Congratulations on your Ph.D.! Ready for your next step? Would you like to see your research published in Science, have the opportunity to receive USD 30,000, and get to travel to Sweden in December? TheScience&SciLifeLabPrizeforYoungScientists Entrantsforthe2022prizemusthavereceivedtheir isanannualprizeawardedtoearly-careerscientists. Ph.D.betweenJanuary1,2020andDecember31, Theprizeisawardedinfourresearchcategories: 2021. • CellandMolecularBiology Applicantswillsubmita1,000-wordessaythatis judgedbyanindependenteditorialteamorganized • EcologyandEnvironment bythejournalScience.Essaysareassessedonthe • MolecularMedicine qualityofresearchandtheapplicants’abilityto • Genomics,Proteomics,andSystemsBiology articulatehowtheirworkwouldcontributetotheir scientificfield. ApplybeforeJuly15,2022. scienceprize.scilifelab.se 0513Product.indd 670 5/5/22 7:36 AM CONTENTS 685 Some climate models predict future warming that most experts 13 MAY 2022 • VOLUME 376 • ISSUE 6594 think is implausible. NEWS 685 ‘Hot’ climate models exaggerate 697 Recording bacterial responses to Earth impacts changes in the gut environment U.N. report authors say researchers A CRISPR-based tool reveals intestinal should avoid suspect models By P. Voosen microbiota gene expression through time IN BRIEF By L. Zahavi and E. Segal FEATURES RESEARCH ARTICLE p. 714 676 News at a glance 686 The bias hunter 698 Beating natural proteins Itiel Dror is determined to reveal the role IN DEPTH at filtering water of bias in forensics, even if it sparks outrage 679 New subvariants are masters of Artificial fluorous channels outperform By D. Starr immune evasion aquaporins in water permeation By Y. Shen Vaccines and prior infection still prevent REPORT p. 738 severe disease from new SARS-CoV-2 strains INSIGHTS By G. Vogel 699 Anomalous fluid flow in quantum systems 680 Better lipids to power next New regimes of hydrodynamics are generation of mRNA vaccines probed with synthetic quantum matter PERSPECTIVES New delivery systems aim to increase vaccine By A. Morningstar and W. Bakr 692 The limits of forest carbon potency and reduce side effects RESEARCH ARTICLES pp. 716 & 720 sequestration By E. Dolgin Current models may be overestimating PODCAST POLICY FORUM the sequestration potential of forests 701 Investor-state disputes threaten 682 Wrestling with bird flu, Europe By J. K. Green and T. F. Keenan the global green energy transition considers once-taboo vaccines REPORT p. 758 Global action on climate change could To lessen the toll of culling, some countries launch vaccine trials despite trade 694 Immune cells impede repair generate upward of $340 billion in legal claims from oil and gas investors implications and public health risks of old neurons By K. Tienhaara et al. By E. Stokstad Interfering with age-related neuroimmune interactions promotes nerve regeneration BOOKS ET AL. 683 Pandemic delays continue to plague By N. Gaudenzio and R. S. Liblau polar science RESEARCH ARTICLE p. 715 704 Rethinking genetic disease Backlog of NSF-funded work will allow few Carriers of the fragile X premutation can new projects By P. Voosen 695 Mapping cell types experience medical conditions of their own CK across human tissues By B. Sullivan O HAN/IST 6as8 4c oOmdpdest iftoiro nw ienansiensg NSF grants improve Sfeiantgulere-cse alln adn taislyssuees- srpeveecaifli cti scseulle s-taagtneso stic 705 The becoming of the human brain R GU Agency reports a 17% drop in number of By Z. Liu and Z. Zhang A neuroscientist traces the development U PHOTO: gorbasnetr vaeprpsl i cBayt Jio. Mnse rsviinsce 2011, troubling some R&E 1S0E.1A1R26C/HS ACRIETNICCLEE.ASB pOp0. 751110, 712, 713, oBfy tRh.e D b. Foidelyd’ss most complex organ SCIENCE science.org 13 MAY 2022 • VOL 376 ISSUE 6594 671 Boost Your Career, Disrupt the Status Quo APPLY NOW MICHELSON PRIZES: NEXT GENERATION GRANTS TheMichelsonPrizes:NextGenerationGrants supportyounginvestigatorsapplyingdisruptive researchconceptstosignificantlyadvancethe developmentofvaccinesandimmunotherapies formajorglobaldiseases. Dr.CamilaConsiglio MichelsonPrizeWinner2021 KarolinskaInstitutet Arigorousandcompetitiveinternationalsearch willidentifythemostinnovativeprojects. Weencourageapplicationsfromthefull spectrumofscientificdisciplines "Thesupportfromthe relatedtohumanimmunology,vaccine, MichelsonPrizeswillhelpme andimmunotherapyresearch. toinvestigatehowdiseases developdifferentlyinmales Areyou35oryounger? andfemales–andultimately Applynowforthe2022MichelsonPrizes! developvaccinestrategies optimizedforbiologicalsex." humanvaccinesproject.org/michelson-prizes #michelsonprizes APPLY TODAY APPLICATIONS DUE: JUNE 26, 2022 GRANT AWARD: $150,000 0513Product.indd 672 5/5/22 7:36 AM CONTENTS LETTERS 698 744 Wetland ecology 706 India must protect Himalayan High-resolution mapping of losses and gains headwaters & 738 of Earth’s tidal wetlands N. J. Murray et al. By A. Sharma et al. 749 Organic chemistry Modular access to substituted cyclohexanes 706 Addressing patent gender disparities with kinetic stereocontrol Y. Li et al. By J. Goodman 754 Biomechanics Recovery mechanisms in the dragonfly 707 Advancing racial equity righting reflex Z. J. Wang et al. in Brazil’s academia By W. Oliveira et al. 758 Forest ecology Cross-biome synthesis of source versus sink 707 Techincal Comment limits to tree growth A. Cabon et al. abstracts PERSPECTIVE p. 692 RESEARCH 762 Solar cells Scalable processing for realizing 21.7%-efficient all-perovskite tandem solar modules K. Xiao et al. IN BRIEF 708 From Science and other journals 770 RESEARCH ARTICLES Human cell atlas 711 The Tabula Sapiens: A multiple-organ, single-cell transcriptomic atlas of humans The Tabula Sapiens Consortium RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY; FOR FULL TEXT: DOI.ORG/10.1126/SCIENCE.ABL4896 712 Single-nucleus cross-tissue molecular reference maps toward understanding disease gene function G. Eraslan et al. DEPARTMENTS Quantum simulation RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY; FOR FULL 675 Editorial TEXT: DOI.ORG/10.1126/SCIENCE.ABL4290 716Quantum gas microscopy of Kardar- It ain’t over ’til it’s over Parisi-Zhang superdiffusion D. Wei et al. By H. H. Thorp 713Cross-tissue immune cell analysis reveals 720Observing emergent hydrodynamics tissue-specific features in humans in a long-range quantum magnet 770 Working Life C. Domínguez Conde et al. M. K. Joshi et al. Second chances By Y. Xu RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY; FOR FULL TEXT: DOI.ORG/10.1126/SCIENCE.ABL5197 PERSPECTIVE p. 699 PERSPECTIVE p. 695; RESEARCH ARTICLE 10.1126/SCIENCE.ABO0510 724 Neuroscience ON THE COVER Paradoxical somatodendritic decoupling A survey of cell types across tissues as part of 714 Microbiota supports cortical plasticity during REM sleep the Human Cell Atlas, mapped with single-cell R Noninvasive assessment of gut function M. Aime et al. transcriptomics in three papers in this issue, CKE using transcriptional recording sentinel cells lays the foundation for understanding how UBE F. Schmidt et al. 731 Ferroelectrics cellular composition and NE RT RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY; FOR FULL TEXT: Highly enhanced ferroelectricity in gene expression vary OBE DOI.ORG/10.1126/SCIENCE.ABM6038 HfO2-based ferroelectric thin film across the human body N) R PERSPECTIVE p. 697 by light ion bombardment S. Kang et al. in health, and for under- NIAN/SCIENCE; (ILLUSTRATIO 7RcrRDea1EOeg5uSvIe.es EONnerARseesRGir ubaCa/rlgHt1eoii0v niAC.em1gRD 1-dTm2d8eI6eC ucT/pLln SiceEnoCe neSlIldoE lU –LNegMn.nCy ZeMtEh unA.oAreRuoBuY neD;r toc5F an9rOol2aR.s6l sF-UtLaLlk TEXT: R7Unin3altEtn8erPaor NifcoOaahrsR nastn ouTwncraSfehatl eescmr ew p iiYest.h trImr taoy ehd aeetnti osanel. ltyh frlouuogrohu s si6ICnllt9.u aAd5sngit sdaroaenisntatdiigos on7e hf:.1 oSNS1w–ae. y7F egou1 eSp3llntea.ureg d&sei os a ct OU PERSPECTIVE p. 694 PERSPECTIVE p. 698 Science Careers .........................................768 ALT C) V. HI SCIENCE (ISSN 0036-8075) is published weekly on Friday, except last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Periodicals mail AP postage (publication No. 484460) paid at Washington, DC, and additional mailing offices. Copyright © 2022 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The title SCIENCE is a registered trademark of the AAAS. Domestic GR individual membership, including subscription (12 months): $165 ($74 allocated to subscription). Domestic institutional subscription (51 issues): $2212; Foreign postage extra: Air assist delivery: $98. First class, airmail, student, and CREDITS: ( eChthmahrnoaedunrliggitnuhegs to ahrfave aat Cedilsaod bporelynesr rifsger:ohq Amtu lCel obslweta.a c 4Crka awinsnescaeuedke Cissae,.n sgn critvaieeitnrne g(csC e owC.lodiCtr hag) n,;G wbdSu wnTlewk a w.rvca aoatidepla ydobrrnlieeg sr huestpeq.csouo neam snrted.. qT A8uh-ueedts iihgdt,oie tGr naiSztciTafci tco#iauo1tnn2iot5 tnn4o u8c rmo8ed1pb2ere2 ofro..d PPru uoScbsceltii emcmnaacatiestoe tinesrsi ra0 :Ml 0 Sfoa3eri6nl iA-dn8 gtc0erhe7rane5nam. gSl eeocn rioe tpfn Naecdruesdm oisrnbe iasnesldr u et1os0xe e6A du9A n6iAnd2S te4,hr .P e Pc. ORirr.ice nBautodmexed sr9 t’is6na n1 Gt7chu8eei,ds W Uen a.toSost. hPAfaien.lrlgiinotogdn iwc, aDitlh CLi ni2te 0trh0aet9 uf0are–ir 6 aun1s7de8 ip.n Sr soienvvigselieroa-ncl sso popefy ct shiaaell iezCesod:p $ iyn1rd5ige ehxate cAsh.c pt lcuasn s bheip opbintagi annedd SCIENCE science.org 13 MAY 2022 • VOL 376 ISSUE 6594 673 2022 Mike Hogg Award and Lecture Recognizing May-Britt Moser, Ph.D. MDAndersonCancerCentercongratulatesMay-BrittMoser,Ph.D., onbeingnamedthe2022MikeHoggAwardrecipient. Withthishonor,MDAndersonrecognizesMoser’sresearch,togetherwith long-termcollaboratorEdvardMoser,onfundamentalcognitivefunctions sharedacrossanimals,withamechanisticfocusonhowthebraincalculates self-positionandhowtheinformationisstoredinmemory. MoserisaprofessorofNeuroscience,foundingdirectoroftheCenter forNeuralComputation,andco-directoroftheKavliInstitutefor SystemsNeuroscienceattheNorwegianUniversityofScienceand Technology.ShewasawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyor Medicinein2014,togetherwithE.MoserandJohnO’Keefe. Moser’slecturewillbedeliveredvirtually.TheeventissponsoredbytheMike HoggFundandhostedbyMDAnderson’sDivisionofEducationandTraining. Where Science Gets Social. AAAS.ORG/COMMUNITY 0513Product.indd 674 5/5/22 7:36 AM